
Class L n ^ 

.1 
Book A A? 



PRESENTKI) BY 



BSOGRAFIZ 



OV H8 



ov ae 



YUNSTED STaTS 



KOMPJLD B* F. G. ADAMZ. 



SINSINaTI. 

IOT.rLI BRUaEEZ, FONETIK PUBLIXERZ, 

1856. 



•Av-^ 



INDEKS 



1.— J0RJ wosmTOi:^, 

2.— JON ADAMZ, 

3.— TOMAS JEFERSON,-- 

4.— jaMZ MADISON, 

5.— jaMZ MONRO, 

6.— JON KWINSI ADAMZ, 

7.— ANDRO) JAKSON, 

8.— MRRTIN VAN BUREN, 

9.— WILYAM HENRI HARISON, 

lO.—JON TJLER, 

11.— jaMZ NOKS POK, 

12.— ZAKARI TaLOR, 

13.— MILQRD FILMOR, 

U,— FRAUKLIN P8RS, ^ . 



Paj 



11. 

33. 

53, 

73. 

91. 
105. 
127. 
143. 
151. 
171. 
179. 
187. 
203. 
209. 



Enterd akerdli) tu Akt ov Koggres in ds yer 1854, 
B* LOTJLI BRUaERZ, ■ 
In de Klerks Ofis ov ds Distrikt Kort ov Ohjo. 



PHONETIC SPELLING 

There at present exists tlie greatest disparity between tlie spelling 
and the pronunciation of a word, the literary result of which is, that no 
one can tell the spelling of an unknown word from its sound, or its sound 
from its spelling. And the moral or educational result is manifest, that 
there is no way of teaching to read English but by pointing to a word and 
telling its sound, or of teaching to spell but by making the pupil commit 
to memory the names of the several letters of which a word is composed. 
In consequence of this great difficulty in learning to read and spell, a 
very large number of the people of both England and the United States, 
grow up without being able to read or write. 

With a view of remedying this serious evil, which is a disgrace to the 
scientific progress of this nineteenth century, it is proposed to revise the 
English alphabet, rejecting three letters (c, q, x,) and adding twenty, 
whereby an alphabet of forty-three letters is furnished, which will 
allow of every word being spelled as spoken, and— what is of infinitely 
greater importance in an educational point of view— which will permit 
every sign to be invariably used in the same sense under the same cir- 
cumstan'ces, so that not only will the sight of a word instantly recall its 
sound, but the sound will immediately suggest the proper letters to be 
used in spelling. The use of such an alphabet and style of spelling, in 
our primary schools, will lessen the labor of the instructor in teaching to 
read more than one half; and the pupil will become a good reader in 
one-fourth of the time required by the old alphabet. In consequence, 
too of the peculiar construction of the alphabet, it also results that the 
pupil who first acquires the art of phonetic reading, finds very little diffi- 
culty in mastering the old or romanic orthography; to such an extent is 
this true, that phonetic pupils become good, readers in both styles m less 
time than is required to become proficients in the old alone. 

For a scientific explanation of the principles on which this alphabet has 

been constructed, see the Oidde to Phonetic Beading; for the practical ap- 

plication of the system in teaching to read, see the First, Second and 

■ Third Flu^ietic Headers; for the mode in which the transition from pho- 

netic to romanic reading may be made, see the Transition Becder, 



PHONETIC ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 

Each letter has the sound of the italicized letter or letters iu the illustrative words. 



Letters. 
8 8 . 

Ee .. 

ak,. 



Illustrative Words. 

Long Vowels. 

eel 

earth . . . . 

ale 

air 



Name. 



Letters. 



fl q, arms 

ee 

Oo 

(Do) 



all .... 

oak . . . 

ooze . . 

Short Vowels. 

«11 .... 

ell .... 

am . . . 

ask . . . 

, on . . . . 

, wp . . . . 

wood . . 

Diphthongs. 

ICO . . . . 

0*1 . . . . 

ow;l . .. 

duipe . . 

Coalescents. 
2/ea ... 

IVPIJ . . 

Breathing. 
^ay .. 



Illustrative Words. 
Explodents. 

pole . . 

6owl . . 

toe ... 

doQ ... 

c^eer . . 



Name. 



Kk 



.^eer 

.^inor, 



, .it 
. et 
.at 
at 
ot 
.lit 
ut 



^ame 

Continuants. 

F f /ear . 

V V veer . 

K t thigh. 

Hd thy .. 

S s seal . . 

Z z zeal . . 

X J .5^all . 

S 3 vision 



pe 
.be 

te 
.de 
.qa 
•ja 
ka 

ga 



.ef 

V8 
.it 



.ga 



Liquids. 



. rare ur 

■ Zull el 



I i . 

E e . 
A a . 
a a. 

0. 

Uu. 

XJu. 

* i. 
ere-. 

Yy 
Ww 

H li 

JTj^ The marks of punctuation are the same as in the old-orthography, excepting the fol- 
lo-w'iiig cbausjes and auditions: the mark; of interrogation 4 is placed before the first word in 
a sentence that indicates a query, ? at the end of a sentence." indicates doubt; ? laughter; 
! surprise; ; sorrow; the inverted • signifies the omission of a letter. 

JRuIes of Accent. 

1. Words of two syllables are accented on the first. 

2. Words of tliree or more syllables are accepted on the third from the end; Unless 
the last syllable but one contain a long vowel or diphthong, or the last syllable begin with 
/, z, or y/,— in which cases the accent falls on the last syllable but one. 

Exceptions to these rules are marked with the sign \ placed over the vowel to be accented. 
Words wholly printed in car " 
eyllables,) are not thus marked 



R r .^. . . . . 
LI 

Nasals. 

Mm ??2ain 

N n none 

N I) . . . ; si??^ . , 



cm 
. en 



and French words, (which have no regularly accented 



PREFACE. 



If the following sketches make but little addition to 

what has already been written of their subjects, 

which, indeed, they do not pretend to do, — they are, 
at least, designed to re-present, in convenient form, and 
in concise style, a valuable historical record; and one 
of which Americans are apt to know too little. 

The present is a time when American feeling is ram- 
pant; knowledge should keep pace with this feehng; we 
ought to have our faith well grounded ; and as essential 
in the education of our youth, they should be well 
instructed in all that pertains to the history of those 
wise men who framed our Government; and of those 
who have been honored with the high and responsible 
duty of administering its laws and precepts. This has 
not been so, sufficiently, formerly. 

Take almost any company of our latter day patriots, 
— ^whether at the polls or in their secret conclaves so 
much talked about, — and not a few of them may be 
found who know no more of the history of their country, 

5 



6 PREFACE. 

and who appreciate its institutions no better than the 
son of Erin who has but just "declared his intentions." 
The writer is not entirely with the American party; 
"so far as he understands its principles," he questions 
its soundness, even in the out-of-the-way place of a 
preface ; he would say nothing, however, in any place 
in derogation of what are legitimate American princi- 
ples. He speaks now only in behalf of American edu- 
cation, — an education which shall imbue the hearts of 
American citizens with a love of American institutions, 
founded on a just understanding of them. 

And to such an education the study of American 
biography is essential — the study of the lives of Amer- 
ican great men, of those who framed our Government, 
and of those who have been exalted to high stations in 
its administration ; if these have not been all great men, 
we should instruct our youth how their fathers have 
been unfaithful to their country in confiding the admin- 
istration of its government to unworthy men. 

The Constitution of the Spartan republic, though 
defective in many respects, existed nearly six hundred 
years; and the permanence of that republic must be 
attributed, more than to any other cause, to the fact 
that Spartan youth were early taught to understand 
and reverence its Constitution ; and to adore the memory 
of its great originator ; and the memory of the long line 



PREFACE. 7 

of patriotic great men who had preserved it and handed 
it down to them inviolate. Of all the institutions of 
Lycurgus, the education of the youth of the republic 
was that on which the great legislator bestowed the 
most particular attention. They were thoroughly taught 
the constitution, and laws, the powers of the several 
functionaries of the state, and the defined duties and 
rights which belonged to the governors, magistrates, 
and citizens. Our own system of education should not 
be defective in this respect. 

The civil history of our country is not so well under- 
stood as its martial history. History in general is but 
the record of wars and bloodshed ; of the success of one 
tyrant in crushing another ; or of despotism trampling 
upon the rights of humanity. But our peaceful political 
revolutions, or changes in public policy, as they are 
brought about by successive Presidential administra- 
tions, present no records of sanguinary strife; they 
present material for a higher order of history. 

This little compilation, it is hoped, will aid somewhat 
in the work of historical and political education. But 
it falls far short of that course of reading which every 
American youth should pursue in this connection ; it 
may, however, serve as an outline, which will be readily 
enlarged upon by inquiring minds, aided by the instruc- 
tion of friends. 



8 PREFACE. 

To the unphonetic reader there will be a slight obstacle 
to the convenient perusal of this book; but the writer, 
— and also its publishers — are as firm advocates of 
phonetic truth, as they are friendly to the free institu- 
tions of their country ; and this publication bears wit- 
ness of their fidelity to both. 

F. G. A. 



J0RJ WOEITJTON. 



JieRJ WOEmTONZ faderz nam woz Ggustin M\ 
W irjton. He woz an ekselent fader — siig a fq.der aL _ .. 
litl berz qr blest wid. Ov kors hs luvd Jerj tenderli. 
Hwot hs wijt most woz tu ss hiz bo* bskum a gud and 
trcD man. And "ds ^jld iz fader ov de man." Ggustin 
Wojiijton nu dis— hs nu dat if hs kud inspjr Jerj wid 
a luv ov el dat iz gud and nobl hwjl hs woz yet a ^jld, 
so dat hs fud mak vertyu ds rol ov hiz kondukt^ hwj 
den ds man Jerj wild bs a m^n inded. Hs pcnted 
3t tm him ds gud ov d(i)ir) wel, — ds svil ov doig il. 

*^Bs jenerus, mj litl sim," sed hs. "Kum wid ms; I wil 
Jo y(D h^ ds Gud Fq,der iz jenerus tu us." 3a went tu 
ds er^ard. 3^r da wer prszented wid a fjn sjt inded. 
3s hoi ert, az far az da kud ss^ woz strcod wid frcot : 
and yet ds trsz wer bendir) under ds wat ov aplz, hwig 

11 



12 as PREZIDENTS. 

hur) in klusterz Ijk graps, and vanli strov tu lijd dq^r 
blujig qeks bshind ds gren kvz. "N^, Jerj," sed hiz 
fader, "luk her, mj sun, dont yo) rsmei^iber hwen ycor 
gud kuzin bret J(D dat f^n larj apl last sprir), h^ ^qxdli 
I kud prsval on yoo tu divjd wid yajr bruderz and 
sisterz; do j promist yo) dat if yco wild but do) it, God, 
de giver ov el -Biijz, wud giv yoo plenti ov aplz dis fol." 

PtDr Jerj kud not sa a wurd, but hur) d^n hiz bed, 
and lukt kw^t konfiizd, hwjl wid hiz litl naked toz hs 
skra^t in de soft gr^nd. 

"N^ Ink up, mj sun," kontinyixd hiz f cider, '^hik up, 
Jerj, and sc h^ rigli de blesed God haz mad giad m^ 
proinis tu yo). Hw£|,rever yco turn ymr jz, yo) se de trez 
loded wid .f^n frmt, meni ov dem inded brakii) d^n; hwjl 
de gr^nd iz yet kuverd wid melo aplz, mor dan yco kud 
et, mi sun, in ol your liftim." 

Jerj lukt in salens on de wjd wilder nes ov froot. He 
se de bizi aumir) bez, and herd de ga nots ov de hapi 
berdz ; den liftii] hiz ter-fild jz tu hiz fctder he softli sed, 
^^Wel, pcL, onli forgiv me dis tjm, and se if j ever be so 
stinji eni mor." 

SHwot duz de stori ov de haget Jo. 3at Jerj luvd 
tr(Dt. ^Hw^ didn't Jerj lern tu tel l^z az uder boz dco. 
lbs i£{v it iz tu fjnd a bcp hcoz tvurd iz f%r. It iz onli 



J0RJ WOEITJTON. 13 

n^ and den yco fjnd wun, " Troofi, Jerj," sed Ggustin 
Wojirjton, "iz d^ luvliest kwoliti ov ycot. i wud rjd 
fifti m^lz, mj sun, tii S8 ds bee h(Dz hcirt iz so o?test, and 
hiz lips so j)iir, dat we ma depend on everi wurd he sez." 
"Pci)" sed Jerj, veri seriusli, "4d(D i ever tel Ijz." 
"No, Jerjj I tai)k God yoD doo not, mj sun; and j rejas 
in de hop dat yo) never wil. At lest yco Jal never, from 
me, hav koz tii be gilti ov so Jamful a -fiir). Meni 
pq^rents, inded, dm drjv dq^r gildren tu dis v^l praktis, 
bj bqrbarusli betir) dem for everi litl folt; hens, on 
de nekst ofens, si kumz a fib tu hjd it, and tii eskap a 
tr^nsii). But az tu myself, Jorj, yo) no j hav olwaz told 
yco, and n^ tel yoo agen, dat hwenever bj aksident, er 
fer eni rezn, yo) dcD enitir) ror), hwig must ofn be de 
kas, az yo) ar but a litl bo* yet, wid^t mug eksperiens or 
nolej, ycD must never tel a folshud tu koi^el it; but 
kum bravli up, mj sun, Ijk a litl ma,n, smd teFme ov it; 
and, insted ov betir) yo), Jorj, j wil but de mor onor and 
luv ycD for it, mj bo*." 

cle sun ov Ggustin Wojigton bekam de ^^Fq^er ov hiz 

{Kunfri.''\ S0t not he ho) planted de sedz ov gratnes in 

de hart ov dat sun tu jq^r a litl ov de onorz bestod on 

him. Sertenli. If dq^r iz eni gud in Fort ov JulJ 

orajonz, let a fii ov dem be givn in praz ov de fader 



14 as PREZIDENTS. 

ov de " FcL^er ov hiz Kuutri ;" uder fciderz ma profit 
d^rbj. 

38 stori ov ds haget foz dat Jerj lernt tu Im trcofi.. 
He woz but siks yerz old hwen he woz mad 6iz welti 
master ov a haget ; ov kors, Ijk most litl bo-z, he woz 
veri fond ov it, and woz konstantli goir) ab^t gopig 
everitir) dat kam in hiz wa. 

Wun da, in de garden, hwq,r he ofn amiizd himself 
hakig hiz muderz pe bmfez, he unlukili trjd de ej ov hiz 
haget on de bodi ov a butiful yui) IrjgliJ ^eri tre, hwig 
he botrkt so teribli dat de tre never got de beter ov it. 

3e nekst mornii] hiz fctder f^nd ^t hwot had befeln 
hiz tre, hwig, bj de bj, woz a grat favorit ; and, kumiij 
intm de h^s, askt for de mis^ivus otor, deklq^rii) at de tf? 1 
sam tjm, dat he wmd not hav takn fjv giniz for hiz 
tre. Nobodi kud tel him eniMi) ab^t it. 

Prezentli Jorj and hiz haqet mad dq^r aperans. "Jorj," 
sed hiz fctder, "'idco ycD no ho) kild dat butiful litl ^eri 
tre yonder in de garden." 

ais woz a tuf kwestyon ; and Jorj stagerd on it for a 
moment, but kwikli rekuverd himself; and lukig at hiz 
fader, wid de swet fas ov (^ildlmd, brjtnd wid ds 
inekspresibl ^arm ov trmt, he bravli repl^d, 

" 4 kant tel a Ij, pa ; yo) no \ kant tel a Ij. * kut it , 
wid mj haget." 



JGRJ WOSIRTTON. 15 

" Run tu mj ctrmz, mj ckrest bcr," kr^d liiz fader in 
transports, " run tm mj armz ; " glad am j, Jerj, dat yo) 
kild mj tre; fer yo) liav pad me fer it a t^zand fold. 
Sug an akt ov heroizm, mj sun, iz ov mor wurt dan a 
■fiyzand trez, do blosomd wid silver, and dq^r frajts ov 
purest gold." 

Mister Wo|ii)ton kontrjvd de foloii) ekspedient tu Jo 
Jerj de wizdom and gudnes ov hiz Maker, and tu enkurej 
in him a spirit ov inkw^ri az tu de kezez ov "Bii)z. 

Wun da, in de garden, he prep4rd a litl bed ov erfi, 
on hwiq he rot Jorjez nam in ful, in larj leterz ; den 
soil) plenti ov kabej sed alog de l^nz ov r^tii), he kuverd 
dem up, and smoodd ol over njsli wid a roler. 3is bed 
f^f*^be purpusli mad klos alor) sjd ov a g(Dzberi wek, hwig 
hapnd ta dis tjm tu be wel hug wid rjp frmt, and hwig 
he nil wud be onord wid Jorjez vizits priti regyularli everi 
da. Not meni morniijz had past awa befor in kam Jerj, 
wid Jz w^d md wunder, and hiz litl ^eks redi tu burst wid 
grat nuz. 

"O ! pa. kum her, kum her ! " 

"HHwot'S de mater, mj sun — Shwot-s de mater." 

" O ! kum her, j tel yo), pa ; kum her, and j wil Jo 
yoo sug a sjt az yo) never se in el joy Ijft^m ! " 

Mr Wojirjton went wid unyii3iial redines tu de spot, 
wel aw4r hwot de stranj s^t wud prcDV tu be. 



16 as PEEZIDENTS. 

*^ Her, poLj her it iz ; S did yco ever se suq a sjt in el 
yoor Ijf befor." 

"Hwj it semz Ijk a kiirius af4r5 Jur snuf, Jerj." 

"But, fader, 4h(D mad it her; ^.hoo mad it her." 

" Mabs it kam bj qans, Jerj." 

" SBj gans, pa, o no, no ; it never did gro bj gans, { 
am Jur." 

" SHw^ not, m| sun." 

"Hwi, pci? ^. did yo) ever se enibodiz nam in a plant bed 
befor. 

" Wei, but Jerj, sug a tir) mjt hapn, do yoo never se 
it befor." 

" Yes, pa? but I never se litl plants gro up so az tu 
mak wun siggl leter ov mj nam befor. N^ Sh^ kudda 
mak el de leterz ov mj nam, and in sug egzakt erder, too. 
Inded simhodi did it ; and j dq^r sa n^, pa? yoo did it." 

"Wei, ycD ar rjt, Jerj, i did doo it." 

" mwot fer, fader." 

" * ment, Jerj," repljd Mr Wojiijton, " bj menz ov it 
tu te^ yo) an important leson." 

" ^wot, fader, "itm plant sedz." 

" Mor important dan dat. * wijt tu prcov tu y(D dat 
dq^r iz a grat God." 

"Hwi, I belsv dat n^, fader; j hav ofn bin told ab^t 
dat, yu) no." 



JGRJ WOXITiTTOIT. 17 

'^Wel, but Jerj, Sh^ do) yoy no dat de{T h a God. 
SH^ wud yto prcDV dat dq,r iz a God." 

"^I never studid dat, pa, and j dont no." 

'^ Wei, dat iz ds veri pant j wij yo) tu no. Lisn, and 
I wil eksplan : Hwen yo) diskuverd dez leterz in dis 
bed da apsrd wonderful ; yoo wijt tu no h^ da kam her ; 
I tokl ym da mjt hav kum bj gans ; dis did n-t satisfy yo). 
SKan ym tel hw^." 

" Bekez it semd az if sumbodi must hav sod de sed her 
just so," sed Jerj. * tet sumbodi had a de^fn in it; and 
y(D told ms dat yco had sum dezjn in it, fcider." 

" Yes, I had a dezjn in it; and de mqrks ov dezin prmv 
dat de plants did nc/t dus gro bj gans, but dat sum ajent 
er beii) woz konsernd in dem. SIz it not so." 

" Yes, ser." 

" N^ den, Jerj, luk arb^nd. Yco se dis butiful wurld ; 
yo) se h^ njsli el tiijz o^ kontrivd—\moi marks ov dezjn 
&%Y qr. We hav f^r ^u worm us hwen we ar kold ; weter 
tu driijk hwen we or tersti; tet) tu et wid, jz tu se wid, 
fet tu wek wid. In a t^zand tiijz we se dez^n. a^r 
must, den, hav bin a deziner—mm wun ho) fermd dez 
tiqz far a purpus, for sum end." 

" H! " sed Jerj, "i no hcom yio men, fctder : yoo men 
God eimiti." 
2 



18 38 PREZIDENTS. 

"Yes, I msn him."^ 

3ms did Mr Wojiijton sek, h] jentl cirfcifis, tu Jo Jeq de 
evidens ov doz tra)dz hwig he dezjrd tu impres upon hiz 
yui) mjnd. He did not simpli tel him hwot woz tra)t, but 
he sot tu konvins hiz rszji^ and tu indus in hiz mjnd de 
habit ov inkwiiir) intu de kozez ov tigz. 

Jeij Wojirjton woz bem on de twenti-sekond da ov 
FebrcDari, 1732. At de aj ov ten hiz k^nd f cider woz 
takn from him. Jerjez yui) hqrt felt a grat gref den, 
— hwot a teribl gref nun kan tel, it kan onli be felt. But 
hiz muder — and he had a trcD-hctrted muder, ho) had bin 
a helper wid hiz fader in de wurk ov tranir) Jorjez m^nd, 
— n^ Je must dco it el. But it woz no erksum task. 
"Jus-t az de twig iz bent, de tre iz inldjnd." Jeijez mjnd 
woz wel inldjnd in de wa ov gudnes, bef or de aj ov ten 
yerz. 

At fiften Jerj had rezolvd tu enter az midjipman in de 
BritiJ navi. Preparajonz had bin wel mad ; hiz truijk 
evn woz on bord de man ov wor ; — den kam de trjal ov 
pctrtir) wid hiz der muder ; den he se dat de indusments 
did n-t justify de sakrif js. 3e gloriz ov wor wer swept 
awa bj de t^d ov gujii) afekjon dat sweld up at de tet ov 
dat pctrtir) ; in bidir) fq^rwel tu dat frend hcD luvd him 



jeRj woi:i"RrTON. 19 

most, hiz muder, he bekam overhwelmd wid gref, and 
abandond d^ projekt. 

SDuz eni ber sa he woz ^iken-hcu^ed. Remember, it iz 
ov Jerj Wojii^ton ycD spek; de sam hdo, skq,rs siksyerz 
dq^rdfter, hwen biz kuntri kold Mm, m^t hav bin sen bravig 
de ruf wildernes, amiir) savej foz, tu render de neded 
servis. At twenti-tre yo) se him amid de kcirnej ov Bradoks 
defet ; wid hers after hers Jot under him, and hiz kot 
ridld wid bmlets. And yto dcD not se him Jriijk from ds 
danjer ov de f^t. He standz a bulwark, az ferm az a 
rok, betwen hiz retretii) komredz and de mersiles fo. 
Duti keld him her. He went tu defend hiz naborz herfi- 
stonz. Let no bo* "Birjk it }oz a wont ov trcD kiirej tu 
yeld tu de diktats ov fond afekjon, so loij az dq^r iz no 
real demand for its sakrifis. 

Meni a bo* ho redz dis haz beter skcolig dan Jog 
Wojirjton had. Hiz ferst skojlmaster woz de old seVston 
in hiz faderz parij. No d^t gud old Mster Hobi dug 
gravz wel ; but it iz sed ov de uder brang ov hiz profejon, 
dat he onli nu h^ tu teg de a-be-se, and a litl ov re dig and 
spelii], — ^not mug mor. No d^t hiz fcider and muder tet 
him mor at hom dan he lemt ov de sekston. He went 
tu a beter s'scojI afterwardz, until he woz f if ten yerz old. 
He had no skcDhr) after dat. He woz onli tet de komon 



20 as PREZIDENTS. 

Iijglij braiK^ez ov edynkajon, wid matematiks. No Latin, 
no Grek; lie never nu mor dan hiz muder tui). It mjt 
hav bin beter if lis had, but Jorj Wojiijton woz a grat 
man wid^t a klasikal edyukajonj — uderz hav bin; uderz 
ma h^. 

Scon after leviij skol Jerj bskam a survaor, in de em- 
ploment ov Lord Fq^rfaks. Ov kors in dis okyupajon he 
beksim muc; ekspozd tu ds wind and weder ; but bs did 
not disljk it; hs woz elwaz an aktiv jo)t — fond ov manli 
^t ov dor sports. Fu ov hiz kompanyonz kud ma^ him 
in dz raS; de lep, er ds resl. Hu Stinson woz stronger 
dan hsj and at '^ bak-hold " woz d^ beter ov ds too; but 
Jorj kud trip hiz hslz from under him at cirmz lei)^. He 
establijt a ferm konstitiijon bj aktiv eksers^z in hiz berhud. 

Ab^t 1753, ds Freng bsgan srektii) a ^an ov forts from 
Lak ori tu ds hed ov ds Ohjo river, clis woz upon teri- 
\toii Idamd bj Veijinia. Guvemor Dinwidi rszolvd tu 
rsmonstrat agenst dis enkro^ment. Wojiijton woz sslekted 
tu perform ds danjerus erand ov konvaiij ds Guvernorz 
mesej tu ds Frenc; komdndant. JLs hs woz elmost dr^nd 
in lirosii] ds Alsgani river, hs telz us in hiz jumal : — 

" c[q,r woz no wa," sez hs, "fer getii) over but on a raft, 
hwig ws set ab^t bildir), wid but wun por hacjet, and finijt 
just after sunset, clis woz a hoi daz wurk. Ws nekst 



JGRJ WOXIRTTOK. 21 

got it Icinqtj den went on bord ov it, and set ef ; but befor 
W8 wer hcif wa over, we wer jamd in de js in sug a maner 
dat W8 ekspekted even moment 3r raft and ^rselvz tii 
perif . ^F put :^t mj setiij pol tii tr^ tm stop de raft, fciijkig 
ds IS mjt pas h'l hwen de rapiditi ov ds strem tro) it wid 
so mu^ vjolens agenst de pol dat it jerkt ms ^t intu ten 
fet weter; but j fertyunetli savd myself bj ka^iij hold ov 
wun ov de raft logz. Notwidstandig el m^ efoi-ts, W8 kud 
not get tu d& uder for, but wer obljjd, az ws wer ncr an 
jland, til kwit ^r raft, and mak tu it, 38 kold woz so 
ekstremli ssvsr dat mj gjd had ol ov hiz figgerz and sum 
ov hiz toz frozn." 

At wun tjm hs bq^rii eskapt beii) murderd bj a pcaii ov 
hostil Indianz ; wun ov hcDm, at a Jert distans, f ^rd upon 
him, but fertyunetli mist him. 

Scon ds Freng and Indian wer folod. In defens ov 
Fort Nesesiti, and at ^' Bradoks Dsfst," Wojiijton dispiad 
wizdom and kurej far abuv a ycDfi ov twenti-tre. In de later 
batl hs woz ELdtu Jeneral Bradok, hm komdnded. Bradok 
woz brav and had dun gud servis in -fire kampanz, and 
agenst aniider f o. But hs woz puft up wid sejf-konsst ; 
and hs nu htl ov Indian werfq^r. In . ds mcu^c; trti) de 
wildernes, Wofiijton aprshended an ambuj, and so told 
Bradok, and hinted de proper mod ov avadii] its konss- 



22 38 PREZIDENTS. 

kAvenscz. Bradok displad mug f tolij aijger at cHs. *'■' Hj 
timz," sed be, ^' hj timz, hwen a yiiij Bukskiu kan te^ a 
BritiJ Jeneral h^ tu fjt." Wojiijton felt de rsprJjf kenli; 
he felt mor ds daDJer dat wated hiz brav kompanyonz. 

On da mcirgt, in solid kolumn. 38 bludtersti fo la 
konseld amiuj de roks and trez ov a naro defjl, awatiij de^i 
jiir and ezi pra. Se werbcop, de panik, de frek, de gron, 
de inefektyual rezistans ov WoJiijton and biz brav Veijin- 
ianz, de basti retret in disma and konfii5on, and de batl iz 
told in bref. cle agoniz ov de wconded and sleterd vilv- 
timz, de gi-efs ov de widoz and de f(iderles,kannotbctold. 
Bradok bimself woz slan. 

Ov Wojiijton, a famus Indian worior bo) akted a ledig 
pcui in dat bludi trajsdi, woz ofn berd tu deklq^r, dat 
'^ be woz never bern tu be kild bj a bulet. Fer/' kontin- 
yud be, '^ j bad sevnten fqr f jrz at bim wid mj r^fl, and 
after el kud not briij liim tu de gi-^nd." And, inded, bcD- 
ever konsiderz dat a gud rjil leveld bj a proper mqrks- 
man, bcirdli ever niisez its am, wil not wunder dat de sii- 
pei-stijus savej Jud redili konldud dat dq^r woz sum inviz- 
ibl band dat turnd asjd de bulets. 

after dis unfei-tyunet kampan, Wojiijton woz givn de 
komdnd ov de Veijinia forsez razd fer de defens ov de 
fnintn'z. ais sends kontinyiid f rc yerz ; diuiij bwig t^m 
he konstantli resevd de aprobajon ov biz kuntiimeu. 



J0KJ WOXITJTON. 23 

In 1758 he tuk hiz set in de Verjinia Lejislatyiir, tu 
hwi^ pozijou he had bin repetedli elekted, but from hwi^ 
hiz militari dutiz had az yet kept him. 

He woz marid in hiz twenti-sevnfi yer tu Misez Morfia 
Kustis, an ekselent and amiabl wuman, even wa wurdi ov 
him. 

"Ero dMi ycor ormz and dispers, yo) rebelz," woz de 
kr^ ov Pitk^m, de BritiJ ofiser in komdnd at Leksiijton. 
3e unheded komdnd woz folod up b^ a voli ov musketri, 
hwig in its turn ariszd de valor ov Masa^itsets patiiotik 
sunz, and lo in de dust, on Konkerdz planz and hilz wer 
stron de bodiz ov Pitk4rnz band ov mersenaii h^rhijz. It 
woz on de 196 ov ^pril, 1775. Sen went fort de krj ov 
wer, toco^t de ler)-B and bredfi ov de land ; and Wojigton 
woz keld txi komdnd de najonz armiz. c[e kel woz 
yiinanimus ; and wel did he konferm de wizdom ov dat 
^crs, diirii) dat at yerz AVer ov Independens. Not dat hiz 
planz wer elwaz suksesful — not dat he never mad a mis- 
tak — but dat, hwen we konsider de meni ti'jig serkum- 
stansez under hwig he woz plast, and de vast responsibilitiz 
ov hiz pozijon, we qr astonijt at de wunderful p^erz hwi^ 
he displad fa'o^t dat loi) strugl fer liberti. 

ae batl ov Lor) Hand, fet on de 276 ov Ggust, 1776, 
woz unfertyiinet. Kumii], az it did, elmost at de ^tset 



24 38 PREZIDENTS. 

ov de kontest, and so mug apq^rentli dependii] upon de 
sukses ov de f erst bloz stmk fer fredom, meiii hco had bin 
frendz ov de kez bckam diskurejd and gav in dq^r alejians 
tu lo-alti, er at lest bekam inaktiv. 

Tordz de kloz ov de kampan ov 1776 Wojigton had 
not 3,000 men; and svn doz ho) remand wid him wer 
so destitut ov nesesariz, dat nutiij but dq^r luv and ven- 
erajon fer him kept dem tngeder. And wid dis handful 
he had tu opoz a viktorius CLrmi ov nerli ferti-t^zand vet- 
eranz. But Wojiijton, bj hiz adres and boldnes, scon put 
a diferent fas upon materz. 3e sukses ov de batlz ov 
Trenton and Prinston, reanimated de despondii), and gav 
hop tu de fant-harted. In de former ov dez batlz, ner 
wun fi^zand ov de enemi wer mad priznerz; ab^t ferti 
wer kild and wconded. 3e batl ov Prinston woz mor 
saijgwinari. On de 266 ov Desember Wojiijton wid hiz 
onni woz at Trenton, hmq plas Kemwohs regt wid de van 
ov hiz ctrmi on de afternoon ov de sam da. " N5, Ser," 
sed Ser Wilyam Erskin tu KernwoUs, " n^ iz de t^m tu 
mak fur ov Wojiijton." 

"O no," repljd Kernwolis, "^r tr(Dps hav mctrgt a gud 
wa tuda and qr t^rd. And de oldfoks kan not mak hiz 
eskap; fer, wid de help ov de Delawqr, n^ fild up wid js, 
ws hav kompletli sur^nded him. Tumoro merniij, frej 



JGRJ WOXITiTTON. 25 

and fastiij, ws'l fel upon him, and tak him and hiz raga- 
mufinz el at wuns." 

"H! mj Lerd," returnd Ser Wilyam, «if Wojigton bede 
soljer dat I fsr he iz, jorl not ss him dqv tumoro mernii)." 

Wojiijton woz in a veri kritikal sityiiajon. Tu reman 
and risk a batl wid a superior and konstantU inkresiij fors, 
wild subjekt hiz qjmi, in kas ov repuls, tii serten destruk- 
Jon. Ct retret over de Delawq^r wud hav bin ekwaH haz- 
ardus. Wid hiz yusual sagasiti and boldnes, Wojiijton 
adopted anuder ekstrordinari but judifus skem, hwiq woz 
entjrli suksesful. Kindlii) de f jrz ov hiz kamp az yii3iial, 
and havir) left a smel gqjd and sentinelz, tu desev de ene- 
mi, ab^t midnjt Wojigton put hiz htl armi in mojon, 
and pasii) aloij de enemiz rer, hasnd tu surprjz a Ictrj 
bodi ov dq^r tr(Dps at Prinston. 

S(Dn az it woz da Kernwohs woz gratli mertifid tu f jnd 
dq^r woz no Amerikan armi on de baijks ov de Sanpiijk. 
Just den he herd de ror ov Wojiijtonz kanon at Prinston. 

**3q^r!" sed Ei'skin, *'dq^r iz Wojiijton n^, kutii) up 
-ST troops." 

And so it woz, for on ar^vig at Prinston, ab^t sunr^z, 
Wojiijton met fire BritiJ rejiments, ho) had just struk ds^r 
tents, and wer kumiij on in hj spirits tu atak him at Tren- 
ton. Se pctrtiz klajt in a moment. At ferst de Ameri- 



26 as PREZIDENTS. 

kanz gav wa ; but, sensibl dat el woz at stak, Wojiijton 
sna^t a standard, and advansii) on de enemi, keld tu hiz 
kuntrjmen tm folo. 38 efekt woz elektrikaJ. cLe enemi 
wer kompeld tm giv wa in el kwerterz, and wer persi^d 
for mjlz. 38 viktorz rsturnd wid for hundred priznerz. 
3s baonet had stopt wun hundred and twenti on de fsld. 
But da fel not alon. 38 galant Merser and siksti-tre ov 
hiz brav kuntrimen wejr sakrif^st wid dem. 

38 batl ov Monmut woz fet on d8 18fi ov Jun, 1778. 
Hsr Wojiijton elso gand a desjded viktori. 38 BritiJ had 
t(jO hundred and ferti-n^n kild; dz Amerikanz, fifti-at. 
Jeneral L8 bsgan de atak in dis batl. Wojigton morgt 
on briskli tii suport him. But az he advanst, tu hiz infinit 
astonijment, he met Ls retretir), and de enemi persuiij. 

" Fer Godz sak, Jeneral Le," sed Wojiijton wid gi'at 
wermfij "Shwot iz de kez ov dis il-tjmd prcodens." 

"No man, ser," repljd Le, konvulst wid raj, ''kan host 
a Iqrjer ami^nt ov dat raskali vertyu dan ycor ekselensi." 

Dajiij aloij bj de madman, Wojiijton rod up tu hiz 
troops, hcD, at s)t ov him, rent de q^r wid ''God sav grsit 
Wofhjtonr 

" Mi brav feloz," sed he, **Skan ycD fjt." ^ 

3a anserd wid fire ^erz. " 3en fas abit, mj heroz, 
and gcirjy 3is order woz instantli eksekiited. 3e enemi 



jeRJ WOEIIU-TON. 27 

f jndiij demselvz n^ wermli opozd in frunt, mad an atemt 
tu turn hiz left flaijk, but wer galantli atakt and drivn 
bak. clen da mad a rapid pmj tu de i-jt: but de intrepid 
Gren, wid a qas bodi ov troops and ctrtileri, repulst dem 
wid konsiderabl sleter. At de sam instant, Wan advdnst 
wid hiz lejon, and pord in so sever and wel-direkted a f^r, 
dat de enemi wer glad tu retret. On bofi sjdz meni d^d 
ov de intens het ov de weder, aded tu de fateg ov de da. 

Jeneral Le, depli iritated bj de reprimand ov Wojigton 
on dat da, adrest tu him tcD hot and ofensiv leterz, de- 
mdndir) reparafon. 3e rezult woz de arest ov Le, and hiz 
trjal bj a kort mcpjal, and hiz suspenjon from komdnd fer 
wun yer. He never rejand de qtrmi, but djd in seldu^on 
at Filadelfia, just befor de kloz ov de wer. 

In September, 1780, de trezn ov Arnold woz diskuv- 
erd. Arnold had bin wun ov de ferst tu rezist BritiJ 
agrejon, and, hidertu, had bin wun ov de most intrepid 
defenderz ov Amerikan hberti. But he woz a spendfirift^ 
and adikted tu gamii) and disolut habits. Havii) skwon- 
derd hiz f0rt}iin5 at lei)t he apropriated de publik fundz 
tu hiz on yus, fer hwig he woz reprimanded bj Wojiijton. 
He disembld liiz purpusez ov revenj, and havir) obtand 
komdnd ov de important fertres ov West Pent, he prjvetli 
engajd tu deliver it intu de handz ov de enemi, fer ten 



28 38 PEEZIDENTS. 

■fi^zand p^ndz sterliij, and a komijon az Brigader in ds 
BritiJ armi. cCs plot woz tu inlditd de kaptyur ov WoJ- 
iijton elso. Tu Major Ander, a yui) and amiabl ofiser ov 
unkomon merit, de Britij komdnder at Nu-Yerk had 
intrusted de biznes ov ncgojiatiij wid Hrnold. 38 plot 
fald, and Ander woz sakiif^zd, hw^l Hmold eskapt, tii 
resev de rewerd ov hiz trezn. 

38 wer kontinyiid until 1781. 38 Batl ov Yorkt^n 
ma bs konsiderd az ds kloz ov de kontest. In dqi tret- 
ment ov priznerz de Amerikanz wer yii5uali jenerus and 
nobl ; not elwaz so de BritiJ. Durii) de sej ov Yerkt^n 
Kur. Skamel, ov ds Amerikan armi, woz W(Dnded and 
takn prizner. On ak^nt ov il tretment he djd. GL fii 
njts afterwcuTl Wojirjton gav erderz tu sterm too ov ds 
enemiz red^ts, hwig wer karid elmost in an instant. 3s 
BritiJ keld for kwerterz : a vo-s ov det woz herd, " Rs-. 
member par SlcameV Wojiijton repl^d, "Remember, 
jentlmen, yco qr Amerikanz." Instantli de pants ov ds 
Amerikan baonets wer tron up tordz hevn, 

3e hostil flets and armiz widdren, and de independens 
ov ds kuntri wun, Wojirjton proseded, h\ direkjon ov Kog- 
gres, tu disband de ctrmi. Tu dis event he had lukt for- 
ward wid grat arjzjeti. Hiz soljerz must n^ la diyn dq^r 
cirmz, and return horn, meni ov dem wid^t a desent siit 



J0EJ WOXITiTTON. 29 

on dqv baks,er a peni in dqv pokets. Murmurz ov dis- 
kontent aroz. Atemts Aver mad tm alitr de disafekted 
from dq^r kuntriz alcjians. Koijgres woz (^arjd wid neg- 
lekt and ingratitiid. Anonimus serkiikirz wer distrib- 
yilted til de soljerz, atemtir) tn inflam dem tu anctrki. 
And svn Wojirjton himself woz liikt tn, tm bekum ds 
leder in dqr lo'ajsad agenst Koijgres for ds redres ov dqy 
grsvansez. But he hcD had led de cirmiz ov Amerika tu 
win her libertiz woz ekwal tm de emerjensi, — woz abl tm 
avo-d de bio hwig n^ tretnd tm destro* dem. Insted ov 
tregerusli yeldir) tm de wifez ov hiz armi tm dq^r on rcoin, 
h^ winz dem bak tm de pa^ ov duti and patriotizm; in- 
sted ov driijkii] in, wid komplasent smjl, de hozanaz dat 
wmd hav mad him /a^, he dctrknz hiz hr^ ov displegyiir 
at dq^r impjeti. He adrest leterz tm de ofiserz ov de 
armi, dez^rii) dem tm met him at an apo-nted tjm and 
plas. Tm a man da ol gaderd ar^nd him. Hiz apel tm 
dem on dat oka5on had de efekt dezjrd. Ks. imedietli 
and yiinhiimusli adopted de foloii) rezoliijonz : 

Rszdlvd — 3at havii] engajd in de wor from motivz ov 
de purest luv and zel for de rjts ov man, no serkum- 
stansez ov distres er danjer Jal ever indiis us tm sidi de 
glori we hav akw^rd at de prjs ov ^r bind, and at yerz 
faMml servis. 



30 KB PREZIDENTS. 

MEzolvd^ 3at we kontinyu tu hav an unjakn konfi- 
dens in de justis ov Koijgres and ^r kuntri. 

Rezdlvd, 3at w£ vu wid abhorens, and rejekt wid dis- 
dan, de infamus propozifon kontand in a lat anonimus 
adres tu ds ofiserz ov de ormi. 

Wojirjton rez^nd hiz komijon on de 23d ov Desember, 
1783, and imedietli retard tu hiz form at M^nt Vernon. 
But in Ma, 1787, he woz qozn Prezident ov de Konven- 
Jon in Filadelfia hwig fermd ^r prezent Konstitujon. And 
in de sprii) ov 1789 he woz yunanimusli qozn Prezi- 
dent ov de Yunjted Stats. In de kapasiti ov a statsman 
he prcovd himself az kompetent, and mad himself az pop- 
yular, az on de batl-feld. Hwen he tuk de Prezidenjal 
^q^r, de najon, az wel az de pepl, woz elmost baijkrupt on 
ak^nt ov de ekspens ov de lor) wer ; but bj hiz judijus 
administrafon, in for yerz it had veri mug rekuverd. 
Hwen de t^m far a nii elekjon kam r^nd Wojiijton wonted 
tu deldjn servig agen, but doz hcD nil de nesesitiz ov ds 
kuntri best insisted dat it wud be perilus for him tu lev 
de helm ov stat yet, and he servd anuder t^rm. 

In 1798 he retjrd from publik Ijf, for de purpus ov 
enjo-ir) de kwjet plejurz ov hom. He woz, h^ever, not 
permited tu reman &t\p loi); fer he djd wun yer afterward, 
Desember 14t, 1799, at de aj ov siksti-sevn yerz. 



ebni ^rmhnt. 



JON ADAMZ. 

II^IK er swiin, liv er dj, survjv or perij wid mj kuntri, 

iz mj unolterabl determinajon." Sug,in 1774, woz 

ds larjgwej ov de patriot, JON ADAMZ. He Imkt bak 

upon hvvot had bin de kors ov de Kig and Pctrliment 

tordz dx Koloniz durir) a loi) scriez ov yerz. He se ny 

no hop for hiz kuntri but in independens. " ^ no Grat 

Briten haz determind upon her kors, and dat veri deter- 

minajon determinz me on mjn ; yco no j hav bin konstant 

and yuniferm in opozijon tm her mesyurz. 3e dj iz n^ 

kast." From de pasej ov de Navigajon Akt ov 1761 tu 

de enaktment ov de Boston Port Bil, and de sendiij ov 

troops tu enfors it, d^r had bin a konsistent kors ov 

oprejon on de part ov de Pqrliment, hwic; konvinst sue; 

men az Otis, Patrik Henri, and Jon Adamz, dat de apel 

tu armz and tu de God ov batlz woz de onU kors left. 
3 33 



34 38 PREZIDENTS. ■■ 

But dez wer b| no menz ds sentiments and feliijz ov 
de inhabitants jenerali. Sq^r advokatS; indcd, wer 
unpopyular at ferst. Mr Adamz, in partikyular, from 
hiz ardent temperament and en^iiziastik karakter, woz an 
objekt ov suspijon and disl|k. He woz gaijd not tii mak 
publik d^ jdea ov a disoliijon ov de konekjon ov de 
Koloniz wid ds muder kuntri, az it woz az unpopyulor az 
de Stamp Akt itself. He woz evn panted at in de strets 
az de vi5onari advokat ov de most desperet me5iirz. 
Hiz on viiz and doz ov hiz most distir)gwi|t kolegz, ma 
be lernt from an ekstrakt from wun ov hiz on leterz. 

" Hwen Koijgres had finijt dq^r biznes, az da tet, in de 
Gtum ov 1774, j had wid Mr Henri, befor we tmk lev 
ov eg uder, sum familyar konversafon, in hwig j eksprest 
a ful konvikjon dat ^r rezolvz, deldarafonz ov rjts, enu- 
merafon ov roi)z, petijonz, remonstransez, and adresez, 
asojiajonz, and nonimportajon agrements, h^'ever da mjt 
be respekted in Amerika, and h^'ever nesesari da mjt be 
tm sement de yunyon ov de Koloniz, wild be but wast 
paper in Irjgland. Mr Heiui sed, da mjt mak sum 
imprejon amiir) de pepl ov Irjgland, but agred wid me 
dat da wud be totali lost upon de guvemment. ^I had 
but just resevd a Joi-t and hasti leter, ritn tm me bj 
Major Jozef 01i, ov Nertampton, kontanir) 'a in brokn 



JON ADAMZ. 35 

hints/ az lis kelz dem, ov hwot he fiet wud be proper tu 
be dun, and konkluded wid dez wurdz: ' after el, we must 
f jt.' 3is leter j red tm Mr Henri, hco lisnd wid grat 
atenjon ; az scon az j had pron^nst de wurdz, ' after el, 
we must fjt,' he razd hiz hed, and, wid an eneiji and vehe- 
mens dat \ kan never forget, brok ^i wid an of), ' tB am 
ov dat manz mjnd.' 

'' Henri went horn tii Verjinia tm reiterat dis laijgwej. 
in hiz selebrated speg in de Verjinia Konvenjon, in 1775^ 
he sez : ' In van, after dez tirjz, ma we indiilj in de fond 
hop ov pes and rekonsiliajon. 3q^r iz no loijger eni r(Dm 
fer hop. If we wij tm be fre ; if we men tm prezerv invjo- 
lat, doz inestimabl privilejez, fer hwig we hav bin so lor) 
kontendii); if we men not basli tm abandon de nobl strugl 
in hwig we hav bin so loi) engajd, and hwi^ we hav plejd 
^rselvz never tm abandon until de glorius objekt ov ^r 
kontest fal be obtand — ^we must f jt ! $ repet it, ser, wc 

Jon Adamz woz bem in Kwinsi, Masagiisets, on de 196 
ov Oktober, 1735. He woz de forfi in desent from Henri 
Adamz, hoo, akerdir) tm de inskripfon ov hiz toomston, "tmk 
hiz fl^t from de Drakon persekujon, in Devonfer, Iijgland, 
and aljted wid at sunz ner M^nt Welston." Hiz fqderz 
nam woz Jon Adamz. He gradynated at HcuTurd Yuni- 



36 • 38 PEEZIDENTS. 

versiti at ds aj ov twenti, and afterwaiclz tet skdol and 
studid le at de sam t^m at Wmrster. He woz admited tu 
deBar in 1758. He komenst praktis in Brantre^ and hiz 
sukses woz scDn mad serteu bj de abiliti wid hwig he ctr- 
gud a kriminal kas befor a jnii in Plimufi. 

In 1764, IVIr Adamz maiid Abigal, deter ov Rev. 
Wilyam Smit, ov Wamiifi ; and fii men hav bin so fert- 
yunet in dq^r ^as, er so hapi in &qi domestik relajonz. 
Ms Adamz woz a wuman ov grat personal biiti and 
streijt ov kai'akter, wid a hjli kultivated mjnd, and a 
most amiabl dispozijon. Ee simpatjzd wid her huzband 
in hiz patriotik entuziazm, woz de konfidant ov el hiz 
planz and feliijz ; ^erd and suported him in hiz ^rz ov tr^al, 
and submited, wid^'t repiniij, tu de lor) separajonz hwiq 
hiz diitiz tu de publik renderd nesesari. 

In 1765 de Stamp Akt woz past. Amug de formost 
in opozijon tu it^ woz Jon Adamz. He mad a p^erful 
argument agenst it befor de Guvernor and K^nsel ov 
Masa^iisets. He qrgud dat de korts |ud administer jus- ^ 
tis wid^t stamt paper. Ab^t dis tim he gav tu de 
wurld hiz f erst printed perfermans, hiz " Disertajon on de 
Kanon and Fiidal Le." ae objekt ov dis wni'k woz tu 
Jo de absiu'diti and tkani ov de monarkikal and aiisto- 
kratik institnjonz ov de Old Wurld, and, in partikyular, 



JON ADAMZ. . 37 

dc misc;ivus prinsiplz ov ds Kanon and Fixdal Lo. He 
kontendz dat de Nii Irjgland setlerz had bin indiist tu 
kros de ojan tu eskap de tirani ov de ©urq and Stat, 
and dat da had lad de f^ndajon ov dqr guvernments in 
rezn, justis, and a respekt for de rjts ov humaniti. He 
egzerts hiz kuntrimen not tu fol Jort ov dez nobl senti- 
ments ov dq^r fctderz, and tu salmfjz enitig rader dan 
liberti and onor. " 3.^ hoi ton ov de esa iz so razd and 
bold/' sez Mr Wert, "dat it s^ndz Ijk a trumpet kol 
tu cu'mz." It woz muQ red and admjrd in Amerika and 
Yurop, and woz pron^nst bj Mr Holis, ov Lundon, tu 
be de best Amerikan produkjon hwig had krost de Atlantik. 
In 1766, Mr Adamz remcJbvd tu Boston tu praktis 
hiz profefon. Hiz kors agenst de akfon ov de horn giiv- 
ernment woz seriusli detrimental tu hiz suites in de prak- 
tis ov de lo. He alitdz tu dis in de foloiij ekstrakt from 
hiz korespondens wid hiz wjf. Sis woz ritn in 1774. 
" ]i woz sworn in 1758. Mj Ijf haz bin a kontinyiial sen 
ov fateg, labor and arjz^eti. i-i hav for ^ildren. I^ had a 
priti estat from mj f cider ; 4 hav bin asisted bj ycor fq,der; 
i hav dun de gratest biznes in de provins ; j hav had de 
veri ri(;est kljents in de provins. Yet j am pmr, in kom- 
parison wid uderz. cfis [ konfes iz grevus and diskurejir). 
[f et, h^ever, tu be kandid eniif tu on dat j hav bin 



38 38 PREZIDENTS. 

imprcodent. I^ hav spent an estat in buks ; { hav spent a 
sum ov muni indiskretii in a Ijter, and anuder in a pix, and 
a muq grater in a h^s in Boston. cEez wud hav bin 
indiskrejonz if de impe^ment ov de Jujez, de Boston Port 
Bil, ets., ets., had never hapnd ; but bj de unfertyunet 
interupjon ov m| biznes, from dez kezez, doz indiskrejonz 
bskam elmost fatal tm me; tu-be-Jur mug mor detii- 
mental." 

In aludii) tu dez serkumstansez, in de sam korespond- 
ens, at ab^t dis tjm, he givz eksprejon tm de foloiij lai)- 
gwej : " Let us dq^rfor, mj der pctrtner, from de afekjon 
we fel fer ^r luvli babz, aplj ^'rselvz bj everi wa we kan, 
tu de kultivajon ov ^r form. Let fr<Bgaliti and industri 
be t^r vertyii, if da or not ov eni uderz. And abtiv el 
kq,rz ov dis l^f, let 3r ardent aijzjeti be tu mold de mjndz 
and manerz ov ^r giidren ; let us teg dem not onli tu do) 
v^rtyuusli but tu eksel. Tu eksel, da must be tet tu be 
stedi, aktiv and industrius." 

Sq^r iz nuflii] in Mr Adamzez karakter mor tu be 
adm^rd dan biz konsistent devojon tu de welfqr ov hiz 
famili. XJnljk de kas wid meni publik men, it woz elwaz 
in hiz hart tu atend wel tu dqr interests, intelektyuali 
and morali. Hiz sun Jon Kwinsi haz sed dat if tu wun 
serkumstans mor dan tu anuder he woz indeted fer hwot 



JON ADAMZ. 39 

ov intelektyual and moral winfc he pozest, it woz dat hiz 
erli l^f woz gided bj de kq^r ov a wjz and afekjonet muder. 
Hs mug hiz fctder enkurejd hiz muder in her kors ov 
hiv and wizdom in regard tu her gildren, ma be gaderd 
from dez ekstrakts. He sez, " tD go mornii) in m^ heat 
el de da lor), i^ am melankoli for de publik, and aijkjus 
fer mj famili. Az for myself, a frok and tezerz, a ho 
and a spad wud dcD fer mj remaniij dajz. Fer Godz sak 
mak ycbr gildren hqrdi, aJztiv^ and industrms; fer streijf), 
aktiviti and industriwil be dq^r onli resors and dependens." 

Se Korjgi'es ov 1774 kontinyud in sejon at weks^ drpig 
hwig Mr. Adamz woz in aktiv and konstant atendans. 
He woz a member ov sum ov de most important Komitiz, 
sug az dat hwig dro) up a statment ov de r^ts ov de 
Koloniz, and dat hwig prep4rd de adres tu de Kiij. 

Se Kontinental KoijgTes asembld in Filadelfia on de 
lot ov Ma, 1775. In de munt ov ^pril ov dat yer, de 
ferst blud ov de Revolujon woz Jed at Leksirjton and 
Konkord, and Korjgres woz obljjd tu tak me5iirz fer 
aktiv rezistans. Stil de mjndz ov meni wer not r^p fer 
independens, and da klui) tu de hop dat dq^r grevansez 
wud be redi^est. cEa tuk up armz in self-defens' merli. 
It woz nesesari tu selekt sum wun fer de post ov Komdn- 
der in Cef ov de forsez razd, and tu be. razd. d jert 



40 as PREZIDENTS. 

-. Mstori ov dis transakjon wil giv prajf ov Mr. Adamzez 
disinterested patriotizm, and salmf^s ov sekjonal prejudis 
tu de komon giid. 

cIs onli Kij Ijk an Qjnii at dat tjm in de kuntri, woz a 
handful ov Nix Iijgland milija, liastili asembld at Boston, 
in konsskwens ov de skermij at Leksiijton and Konkord. 
3.ZZ wer under de komdnd ov Jeneral Hrtimus Word, 
hoom ds Nil Iijgland delegajon wer dez^rus ov havii) mad 
Komdnder in &zL But Mr Adamz lujd dem tu la asjd 
el lokal pcirjialitiz, and ap^nt Kur. Jeij Wojiijton ov Ver- 
jinia, hcD had givn prcDf ov unkomon militari talent in 
de Fren(^ Wer. Hiz kolegz wer el^tremli avers tu dis 
plan. 3a 6et it disrespektful tu dq^r on frendz, tu apant 
a stranjer, ho had no hjer raijk dan dat ov Kumel, over 

r de hedz ov Jeneralz at ds hed ov Brigadz and Divisonz. 
Mr Adamz woz strenyuus in hiz vuz. Wojirjton woz 
akerdii]li nominated, h(D, beir) prezent az a member, wid 
karakteristik modesti imedietli aroz and left de h^s. Tu 
de grat surprjz ov ds hoi kuntri, az wel SiZ tu Wojigton 
himself, hs woz slekted b^ a handsum majoriti. 

It iz nsdles tu rsmqrk h^ onorabl dis slekjon woz, not 
onli tu Mr Adamzez patriotizm, but tu hiz sagasiti. It 
iz imposibl tu sa h^' Iqrj a paii^ ov ds sukses ov eni un- 
dertakir) iz tu bs askr^bd tu ds ajensi ov eni individyual^ 



JON ADAMZ. 41 

but it semz tm us dat ^r revoliifonari strugl, if it had bin 
suksesfiil at el. must hav bin protrakted meni yerz loijger, 
and hav kost muq mor blud and trejyiir, if eni uder man 
dan Wojiijton had bin at de hed ov 7?r qjmiz. 

Soon after ds apantment ov Jeneral Wo Jig ton, Mr Jef- 
erson tmk hiz set in Koggres from Veijinia. Betwen him 
and Mr Adamz a werm intimasi at wuns sprui) up, arjzig 
from konjcnialiti ov fslirj, and agrsment on de grat pants 
hwig ajitated de mjndz ov men in doz daz, hwig kontin- 
yud, wid sum unfertyunet interupfonz, az loij az da livd. 

On de 4fi da ov Jillj, 1776, Koijgres dekl4rd de Inde- 
pendens ov de Yiiii|ted Stats. Durii) el de diskujonz 
hwiq preseded dis important me5iir, and da wer log and 
animated, Mr Adamz tiik de led. Mr Jeferson haz sed, 
dat "de pilar ov suport tu de Deklarafon ov Independens, 
and ablest advokat and gampion on de flor ov de h^s, 
woz Jon Adamz." On aniider oka3on, he sed ov him, 
" He woz ^r kolosus on de flor. Not grasfml, not elegant, 
not elwaz fluent in hiz publik adres, yet he kam st wid 
a piser, hot ov fiet and eksprefon, hwi^ moovd us from -^v 
sets." 

Se elokwens ov Mr Adamz woz adapted tu de stat ov 
de tjmz. It woz manli and enerjetik, werm and animated 
bj hiz ardent temperament, and hiz bold, independent 



42 aC PRLZIDENTS. 

karakter. He haz, inded, wid^t beii) konjus ov it, dren 
de karakter ov hiz on elokwens: 

"'Oratori, az it konsists in eksprejonz ov de k^ntenans, 
gras ov atitiid and mojon, and intonafon ov vas, eldo it iz 
oltugeder superfijal and emamental, wil elwaz komdnd 
admirajon ; yet it dezeiYz litl venerafon. Flajez ov wit, 
koruskafonz ov imajinajonj and ga piktyurz, 4hwot or da. 
Strikt trcDt, rapid rezon, and pur integriti, or ds onli in- 
gredients in s^nd oratori. 4 flater mjself dat Demostenez, 
bj hiz ' akjon } akjon ! akjon ! ' ment tu ekspres de sam 
opinyon." 

On de da after de Deklarajon ov Independens woz past, 
hwjl Mz sol woz yet werni wid de glo ov eksjted felir), he 
rot a leter tu hiz wjf, hwig, az we red it n^, semz tu hav 
bin diktated b^ de spirit ov profesi ; a portret ov de rev- 
olufonaxi spirit ov Adamz wud be imperfekt wid^t it. 
" Yesterda," he sez, '^ de gratest kwestyon woz desjded dat 
ever woz debated in Amerika; a grater, perhaps, never woz 
er wil be desjded amui) men. Q rezolujon woz past wid^t 
wun disentir) Koloni, ^3at dez Yunjted Stats ctr, and ov i^t 
et til be fre and independent Stats.' 3e da \z past. Re 
Forfi ov JiilJ, 1776, wil be a memorabl epok in de histori 
ov Amerika. J am apt tu belev dat it wil be selebrated, 
bj suksedir) jenerajonz, az de grat aniversari festival. It 



JON ADAMZ. 43 

et tu be komemorated az ds da ov deKverans, bj solem 
akts ov devojon tu Glmiti God. It et tm bs solemn^zd 
wid pomps, foz, gamz, sports, gunz, belz, bonfjrz, and 
iliiminafonz, from mm end ov de kontinent tu de uder, 
from dis t^m forward forever. Y(D wil tizjk me transported 
wid entuziazm, but j am not. ^ am wel aw4r ov de tal, 
and blud, and tregiir dat it wU kost tu mentan dis dek- 
larajon, and suport and defend dez Stats ; yet -firoo el de 
gloom, i kan se de raz ov Ijt and glori. J kan se dat de 
end iz wurt mor dan el de menz ; and dat posteriti wil 
trjumf, eldo yco and I ma ro), hwiq i hop we Jal not." 

Mr Adamz woz asidyuus in hiz atendans upon Koi)gres 
until de kloz ov de yer 1777. Duriij dis tjm he woz a 
member ov njnti komitiz ; a grater number dan eni uder 
member, and t^vjs az meni az eni eksept Riqard H. Le 
and Samyuel Adamz. Ov dez he w^oz de ©q^rman ov 
twenti-f^v, and in partikyular ov de laborius and import- 
ant Bord ov Wer. From dez qrdiius dutiz he woz relevd 
bj beir) apo-nted, in November, 1777, a komijoner tu 
Frans, in de plas ov S^las Den. 3e uder memberz wer 
Dr Fraijldin and Hrhir Le. 3e objekt ov de mijon woz, 
tu obtan asistans, in qrmz and muni, from de Freng 
Guvernment. 

Mr Adamz aksepted de apcntnient wid^t hezitajon, do 



4A: as PREZIDENTS. 

it separated him from hiz famili, and obljjd him tu kros 
de o|an in ds depfi ov winter, and hwen it woz swermir) 
"wid de Jips ov de enemi ; and he nu dat he Jmd be treted 
Tvid de utmost rigor if kaptyurd. He embqrkt on bord 
de friget Boston, in Febrcoari, 1778. An inside nt okiird 
on de vorej, hwi^ prcovd dat Mr Adamzez kurej woz not 
ekskliisivli moral. Kapten Tuker, de komdnder ov de 
Boston, se a larj IijgliJ Jip, |oir) a ter ov gunz, and askt Mr 
Adamzez konsent tu engaj her. 3is woz redili gi^anted. 
Upon hahij her, }e anserd wid a bredsjd. Mr Adamz had 
bin rekwested tm retjr tu de kokpit ; but Tuker, Imldg 
ferward, obzervd him amur) de rnarenz, wid a musket in 
biz handz, haviij prjvetli apl^d tu de ofiser ov de marenz 
for a gun, and takn hiz stafon amiig dem. At dis sjt 
Kapten Tuker bekam alqrmd ; and wokii] up tu de em- 
basador, komenst an ernest ekspostulafon. Adamz sm^ld, 
gav up hiz gun, and went imedietli belo. 

Mr Adamz spent de most ov liiz tjm durii) de nekst ten 
yerz in Yurop, in de sems ov hiz kiuitri. In 1782, he woz 
aponted, wid Dr Fraijldin, Mr Ja, Mr Lorens and Mr 
Jeferson, komijoner for negojiatig a pes. In de dis- 
^q;rj ov dq^r diitiz, da wer instrulded dat da fud guvern 
demselvz bj de advjs and opinyon ov de ministerz ov de 
Freng Koii;. 3a tuk de responsibiliti ov disobaii^ doz 



JON ADAMZ. 45 

instriikfonz ; da sekiird for dqv kuntri mu(^ beter termz 
dan fel in wid de vuz ov de Freng Ministri. Its onorabl 
and Mvorabl termz ctr manli du tu de fermnes and abiliti 
ov dg komijonerz. 

Tu Jon Adamz we o it, dat, in dat treti, de Nert West 
Teritori woz seded tm de Yiinjted Stats. 3e Biitij Min- 
istri klamd it ; and several ov de komijonerz wer inkljnd 
tu aksed tu de Idam. But Adamz woz ferm in hiz 
opozifon tu de demand, hwiq woz fjnali widdren. 3e fjv 
Stats norfi-west ov de Ohjo River m^t uderwjz hav 
remand a pctrt ov BritiJ Amerika tu dis da. 

Mr Adamz woz V|s-Prezident durir) bo6 termz ov de 
administrajon ov Prezident Wojigton. On de retjrment 
ov Wojiijton, Mr Adamz woz elekted Prezident, do wid 
konsiderabl opozifon. 3e Fren^ Revoliifon woz de pant 
on hwig de pciiiiz at dat i^m wer ^efli at ijii. Mr Jefer- 
son woz de leder ov de opozifon; do he himself woz fcir 
mor moderet in hiz opozijon dan wer meni ov hiz frendz. 
Mr Jeferson elwaz retand de hjest personal respekt for 
Mr Adamz, do in politikal opinyonz he diferd w^dli from 
him. Hwen sum yui) politijanz wer, in hiz prezens, 
akiizir) Mr Adamz ov dez^nz hostil tu republikan institu- 
Jonz, he remctrkt, "Jentlmen, ycD dont no dat man^ dq^r iz 
not upon dis erfi a mor perfektli onest man dan Jon 



m as PREZIDENTS. 

Adamz. Konselment iz no part ov hiz karakter. It iz 
not in hiz natyiy tu meditat enitir) dat he wud not pubUJ 
tu d^ wmid. 38 niesurz ov ds jeneral guvernment ar 
a fq^r subjekt fer diferensez ov opinyon, but d(D not f^nd 
ycDY opinyon on de no Jon dat df[Y iz de smelest sp^s ov 
disonesti, moral or politikal, in de karakter ov Jon Adamz, 
for I no him wel, and j repet, dat a man mor perfektli 
onest never ijud from dz handz ov hiz Kreator." 

In Mqrg, 1801, in de siksti-sevnfi yer ov hiz aj, Mr 
Adamz retard tm hiz hom, at Kwinsi, hwq^r he past de 
remander ov hiz daz. He amiizd himself >vid agrikult- 
yural persitts, and stil retand a Ijvli interest in de politiks 
and literatiir ov de da. He had an ekstensiv kores- 
pondens tu fil up hiz le3iir "^rz, and a Icuj serkl ov frendz, 
tm htom he devoted mug ov hiz tjm. He woz invjted tm 
bekum a kandidat fer de of is ov Guvernor ov Masagiisets, 
but dekl^nd. He defended de polisi ov Mr Jefersonz 
administrajon tordz Iggland; and hwen de dispitt termin- 
ated in wer, he advokated its ekspediensi and nesesiti, in 
opozifon tm de vriz and sentiments ov de majoriti ov de 
pepl ov Masa(;iisets. He publijt a seriez ov leterz on dis 
subjekt, in wun ov de Boston paperz, and hwen a Ion woz 
opnd, bj de jeneral guvernment, tu met de ekspensez 
ov de wer, he imedietli tnk up a porjon ov de stok. He 



JON ADAMZ. 47 

reniid dat frendjip wid Mr Jeferson, hwig had bin inter- 
upted bj pcixti strjf, and sum butiful and karakteristik 
leterz past betwen dem, meni ov hwiq hav bin printed. 

In 1816 he woz ^ozn a member ov de Kolej ov 81ek- 
torz, hwig voted for Mr Monro for Prezident. 

In 1818 he woz keld upon tu sustan de severest afiik- 
Jon dat had ever befeln him, bj de det ov hiz beluved 
wjf, hoy had bin for so meni yerz hiz gjd, soles, and frend, 
and hoo had Jq^rd hiz patriotik enfiuziazm, and born wid^t 
a murmur el de sakrif^sez hwig duti tu dq^r kuntri had 
rekwjrd dem bofi tm mak. On dis oka5on he resevd de 
foloir) bixtifml leter from Mr. Jeferson. 

Montiselo, November 13, 1818. 
Se publik paperz, mj der frend, an^ns de fatal event ov 
hwig y(Dr leter, ov Oktober 206, had givn me ominus 
forbodii). Trjd, mjself, in de skcDl ov aflikjon, b^ de los 
ov everi form ov konekjon hwig kan rjv de human hotrt, 
I no wel, and fel, hwot ym hav lost — hwot y(D hav suferd 
— 01' suferir) — and hav yet tm endiir. Se sam tr^alz hav 
tet me, dat, for ilz so imesurabl, tjm and sjlens qr de 
onli medisinz. Ji wil not, dqrfor, bj yrisles kondolens, opn 
afref de sliisez ov ycDr gref ; ner, eldo mirjgHi) sinserli mj 
terz wid ycorz, wil j sa a wurd mor hwq,r wurdz qr van, 



48 38 PREZIDENTS. 

but dat it iz sum kumfort fer us bot, dat ds term iz not 
veri distant, at hwig we ci;r tu depozitj in ds sam serment, 
^r soroz, and ^r suf erir) bodiz ; and tii asend, in esens, tu 
an ekstatik metir) wid ds frendz ws hav luvd and lost, and 
Loom ws fal stil luv and never looz agen. God bles yo), 
and suport yo), under ymi hevi aflikjonz. 

TOMAS JEFERSON. 

38 wurld haz bctrdli ever sen a spektakl ov grater moral 
buti and grandyiir, dan woz prezented bj de old aj ov Mr 
Adamz. Se v^olens ov parti felii) had djd awa, and he 
had begun tm resev dat just aprefiajon hmq, tm most men, 
iz not akerded til after det. He had bin elwaz hapi in 
hiz domestik relajonz, and he had a larj serkl ov frendz 
and akwantansez, hoo lukt up tu him wid afekjonet admi- 
rajon. He woz elso an objekt ov grat interest tu inteli- 
jent stranjerz from el parts ov de wurld, el ov hom wer 
dezjrus ov seiq a man ho) had dun so mug fer de glori 
and hapines ov hiz kuntri. No wun kud luk on hiz ven- 
erabl ferm, and tigk ov hwot he had dun and suferd, and 
h5 he had givn up el de pr|m and strerjt ov hiz Ijf tu de 
publik gud, wid^t de depest emojonz ov gratitud and 
respekt. 

It woz hiz pekitlyar gud fertyun tu witnes de komplet 



JON ADAMZ. 49 

sukses ov de iiistitiijonz hwic] lie had bin so aktiv in Icrs- 
atii] and suportii]. lis se even da de infliiensez ov de 
Revoltifon widniij and ekstendii), and de jenyal Ijt ov fre- 
dom kontinyiiali adii) inkres tu ds welt, intelijens, and 
hapines ov hiz kuntrimen. He kud luk ar^nd upon de 
trjvii) t^nz and sm^lii] vilejez, ds bizi faktoriz, ds kr^ded 
w4rh^'zez ov hiz kuntri^ and eksldani; " Behold de wurk 
ov mi handz, ds froDts ov m^ laborz, de rezults ov ml teclz, 
danjerz, and sakiifjsez." It woz hiz privilej olso tu prs- 
zerv hiz mjnd unkhded tu ds last. Hs elwaz rstand hiz 
enjament ov bmks, konversafon, and reflekfon. 

3e 4t ov Julj, 1826, hwig komplsted ds hcif senturi 
sins ds s^niij ov ds Deklarajon ov Indspendens, arjvd, and 
dq^r wer but trs ov ds sjnerz ov dat rsmcirkabl instrcLinent 
left upon ert, tu hal its mernii) l^t. And, az it iz wel 
non, on dat da too, ds tco h(D ov g1 dat nobl band had 
most tu dcD in its etorfip, finijt dq^r ertti pilgrimej ; a 
koinsidens so remarkabl az tu ssm elmost mirakyiilus. 
Fer a fu daz bsfor, Mr Adamz had bin rapidli dsklinii), 
and on ds mernii) ov &z Fort, hs f^nd himself too wsk tu 
r^z from hiz bed. On beiij rskwested tu nam a tost fer 
ds kustomari selsbrajon ov ds da, hs eksklamd, '^Lide- 
pendem Forever^'' Hwen ds da woz ujerd in, bj ds riijiij 
ov belz and ds firiij ov kanon, hs woz askt bj wun ov hiz 
4 



60 



38 PREZIDENTS. 



He repljd, "O yes, 



God bles it,— God 



atendants, if he nu hwot da it woz. 
o yes ; it iz de glorius Fort ov Jul^, 
bles ycD el." 

ae last wurdz he uterd wer, ^' Jeferson survjvz." But 
de spirits ov Jeferson and Adamz went tugeder^ dat da, 
tu de wurld ov spirits. 



eri f re^ihnt. 



TOMAS JEFERSON. 

*OMAS JEFERSON, de fierd Prezident ov de Yu- 
njted Stats, woz hern on de sekond da ov ^Tpril, 
1743, at Eadwel, an estat ov hiz fctder, in Albamctrl 
K^nti, Veijinia, and ner tu Montiselo, hw^r hs afterwardz 
rez^ded. Hs woz ov Welf desent. Hiz fctder, Peter 
Jeferson, a self-edyrikated man, woz a man ov talent and 
sjens. 

But litl iz non ov de erli Ijf ov Tomas Jeferson. Hia 
f cider provided wel for hiz erli edyukajon. In 1760 he 
enterd Wilyam and Mari Kolej, hw^^r he remand tm yerz. 
He himself sez ov de benefits he resevd hwjl atendiij dat 
institiifon : " It woz m^ grat gmd fertyiin, and probabli 
fikst de destini ov mj Ijf, dat Dr Wilyam Smel, ov Skot- 
land, woz den Profesor ov Matematiks ; a man prof^nd 
in most ov de yusful bran^ez ov sjens, wid a hapi talent 

53 



64 38 PREZIDENTS. 

ov komunikajon, korekt and jentlmanli manerz, and an 
enlorjd and liberal mind. He, most hapili fer me, bekam 
soon atagt tu me, and mad me hiz dali kompanyon, hwen 
not engajd in de skcol ; and from hiz konversafon, j got 
mj ferst -soiz ov de ekspanjon ov sjens, and ov de sistem 
ov tirjz in hwig we or plast. He retumd tu Yurop in 
1762, havii) previusli fild up de me5iir ov hiz gudnes tm 
me, h'l prokurir) fer me, from hiz most intimet frend, Jerj 
W^fi, a resepjon az Student ov Le, under hiz direkjon, and 
introdiist me tu de akwantans and family ar tabl ov Guv- 
ernor Fekwier, de ablest man ho) had ever fild dat ofis." 

He woz admited tu de Bqr in 1767. He woz veri 
suksesful in hiz profejon durir) de Jert tjm he remand in 
de praktis ov it. But de t^mz keld him tu grater akjon. 
He woz, in 1769, elekted a member ov de Jeneral Asembli 
ov Verjinia. 3is sejon ov de Asembli woz dizolvd bj de 
Guvemor, Lord Botcor, on ak^nt ov sum ofensiv rezo- 
lujonz hwig wer past, k^ntenansir) de prosedirjz ov Ma^a- 
qiisets. Mr Jeferson woz, h^ever, imedietli reelekted, and 
kontinyud a member until de Revoliijon put an e^id tu 
de metir) ov doz bodiz. 

Mr Jeferson, in de seJon ov 1769, mad hiz ferst efort 
in favor ov de emansipajon ov slavz, but wid^t sukses ; 
fer, az he himself remarks, under a regal guvemment, and 



TOMAS JEFERSON. 55 

hwjl everitir) woz mad tu be subservient tia de interests 
ov ds muder kuntri, " nufeii) liberal kud ekspekt sukses." 

In Janyuari, 1772, he woz marid tu Mctrfia, wido ov 
Baturst Skelton, and deter ov Jon Wales, a leyer ov kon- 
siderabl eminens in de den Koloni ov Yerjinia. clq^r 
yunyon, h^ever, woz ov Jert durajon: Je djd in 1782, leviij 
tre deterz, wun ov hcom d|d yur); de uder to) wer marid, 
wun tu Tomas M. Randolf, afterwardz Guvemor ov Ver- 
jinia, and de uder tii Mr Epez. 

In 1773 de Lejislatynr ov Verjinia apornted a Komiti 
ov Korespondens, ov hwig Mr Jeferson woz wun, tu kom- 
unikat wid similar komitiz hwig Jud be apcrnted in uder 
pqrts ov de kuntri, for de purpus ov ^nimatii) de pepl ov 
de diferent Koloniz in de^v rezistans tu BritiJ agrejon ; 
and de wizdom ov dis megur scon bekam apq^rent in de 
yuniti ov operajonz hwig it produst durii) dat eventful 
period, and in de yuniti ov sentiment amui) de several 
Koloniz, h(bz kez woz de sam, and ho) n^ began tu fel 
demselvz wun nafon. 

Se pepl ov Verjinia, do dk had elredi Jon demselvz 
determind not tu submit tu eni infrinjment ov dq^r liber- 
tiz, wer yet fctr behind doz ov Masagusets in dqr opozijon 
tu de enkro^ments ov de Britif guvemment. 3a had 
not yet felt de ful wat ov de jron arm ov oprejon; de 



56 38 PREZIDENTS. 

akts ov Pctrliment had prest most hevili on Masacjusets, 
and de kup ov her rogz woz nerli fid hwen de Boston 
Port Bil OTerrun de me5ur. Ss pasej ov dat Bil sent 
a fok trto de Koloniz dat r:5zd dem tu de konsiderajon 
ov dq^r sitynajon; for eldo it woz amd at, and intended 
tu operat in a siijgl plas, yet it Jod tcD wel de determina- 
Jon ov de guvemnient tu destra, wun bj wun, de libertiz 
ov Amerika ; it tot dem dat da must Uv and dj de slavz 
ov absolut p^er, or promtli and manfuli mak komon koz 
lYid Masai^iisets. 

38 niiz ov de pasej ov dis BH woz resevd hwjl de Asem- 
bli ov Yeijinia woz in sefon; and trco de ajensi ov Patrik 
Hemi, Jeferson and a fu uderz, a rezolujon woz past, 
setii) apart de ferst da ov Jiin, 1774, on hwic; de Akt 
woz tu go intu opera Jon, az a da ov f astir), humiliajon 
and prq^r, " dev^tli tu implor de divjn interpozijon for 
avertir) de he^i kalamitiz hwiq tretnd destrukjon tu dq^r 
sivil rjts, and de evilz ov a sivil wor, and tu giv dem wun 
mjnd tu opoz, b^ ol just and proper menz, eveii inji^ri tu 
Amerikan rjts." 

Mr Jeferson woz elekted a member ov de ferst Yerjinia 
Konvenjon, held for konsiderii) de af4rz ov de Koloni; 
but, on ak^nt ov siknes, he woz unabl tu atend. He sent 
.dem, h3ever, a draft ov sum instrukfonz for de delegats 



TOMAS JEFEPtSON. 57 

tu de jeneral Koi)gres, hwiq woz piiblijt b^ de Konvenfon 
under de tjtl ov "CE Siimari Vii ov de Rjts ov Britij Am- 
erika." In konsekwens ov dis publikajon, JVIr Jeferson 
woz fa'etnd wid a prosekiijon for hj trezn, bj Lord Dunz- 
mor, and in Irjgland hiz nam woz aded tu doz ov Han- 
kok, Henri, de Adamzez, and uderz, in a Bil ov Atander 
komenst in Pcirliment. 

Mr Jeferson woz not a member ov de ferst Koijgres, 
but tuk hiz set in de sekond in Jiin, 1775. He s ton 
asiimd a prominent pozifon in dat bodi. On Fr^da, Jiin 
7, 1776, in konfermiti wid de instrukjonz givn dem bj 
de Konvenfon, de Veijinia delegats in Korjgres majvd, 
"Sat de Koijgres fud dekl^r dat dez Yunited Koioniz 
cir, and ov ijt et tu be, fre and independent Stats ; dat 
da qx absolvd from el alejians tu de Britij Kr^n, and dat 
el politikal konekjon betwen dem and de Stat ov Grat 
Briten, iz, and et tu be totali dizolvd; dat mejiirz Jud 
be imedietli takn for prokuriij de asistans ov foren p^erz, 
and a federafon be fermd tu bjnd de Koioniz mor klosli 
tugeder." 

3is propozijon woz veri fuli diskust on de Saterda and 
Munda foloiij, hwen de furder konsiderajon ov it woz 
postpcSnd tu de ferst da ov Jiilj, and a komiti ov f jv wer 
apo-nted, in de men t^m tu draft a Deklarajon ov Inde- 



68 38 PREZIDENTS. 

pendens. 3is komiti konsisted ov Tomas Jefei*son, Jon 
Adamz, Dr Fraijklin, Rojer Xemian, and Robert R. Liv- 
irjztou. Mr Jeferson, az ^qrman ov ds komiti, prep4rd 
de draft. SHwot must hav bin dz feliijz ov dat man — 
hwot dz emojonz hwi^ sweki liiz brest — hco woz ^qrjd wid 
de preparajon ov dat deklai'ajon, hwi^ hw^l it mad non de 
roijz ov Amerika, woz elso tu publij her tu ds wmid, fre, 
soveren, a^id independent. Fer himself he had not a tet; 
a kokl, knlknlatii) prcodens in van wornd him by grat 
woz de risk, h5 f;i de (;ansez ov sukses ; in van told him 
ov biz kimtri pilejd bj foren trtops, and deliyd in de 
blud ov its sitizenz ; in van pcrnted tu de jibet, de rebelz 
dcom ! Hwot do de los ov el Mijz, and de det ov a trator 
wer befor him, — it woz hiz kuntii demanded de salaifjs, 
and it woz ^erfuH mad. Rrm el de dctrknes ov de prez- 
ent, he se de br^tnes ov de futyur : he so, in imajinajon, 
hiz kuntri de abcSd ov a fre and hapi pepl, and he woz 
kontent; hiz hand trembld not, az he rot, Amerika, frs 
md independent ! 

3e Deklarajon ov Independens iz wun ov de most re- 
mqrkabl paperz ever ritn ; and did no uder efoit ov de 
mjnd ov its etor egzist,dat alon wud be sufijent tu stamp 
hiz nam wid imortahti. Az drafted b| Mr Jeferson, de 
Deklarajon woz bj him submited tu hiz kolegz, and^ after 



TOMAS JEFERSON. 69 

a fii unimpertant elterajonz mad bj dem, woz reported bj 
de komiti, and red on Frjda, de 286 ov Juu. Koijgres 
den prossded tu a konsiderafou ov de sam, hwig, after 
beir) dt'bated diuiij de grater port ov de 2d, 3d, and 46 
ov Jul J, woz fiuali agred tu, and sjnd on de evniij ov de 
itj bj g1 de memberz prezent eksept Mr Dikin^on. 

Mr Jeferson kontinyud an aktiv member ov de sekond 
KoTjgi-es, and woz apo-nted, tugoder wid Dr Fraijldiu and 
Sjlas Den, a komijoner tu de Kort ov Fraus, tu negojiat 
tretiz ov Allans and Komers wid dat najon, but woz kom- 
peld, on ak^nt ov hiz hel6, and uder kezez ov a privet 
natyiir, tu dekj^n de apomtment. 

Durii] de yer 177G de pepl ov Yerjinia had bin okyu- 
pjd in formiij a konstitujon and plan ov guvernment for 
dat Stat, and n5 dat de mor important mesnrz'^ov Korj- 
gi-es had bin karid, and de bcu'k ov Independeus L^rli 
Icinqt, and, do stil tosiij upon a wjd and tempestyiius se, 
woz yet under de gjdans ov bold hcirts and stroij handz, 
Mr Jeferson turnd liiz atenjon tu hiz nativ Stat, and tiijkii) 
dat he kud be ov mor yus in her k^^'nsilz, rezjnd de set tu 
hwicj he had bin elekted in de terd Koijgres, and beig 
retiirud a member ov de Stat Lejislatyiir, tuk hiz set in 
dat bodi in Oktober, 1776. Her he woz apanted a mem- 
ber ov a komiti tu revjz de lez ov de Stat, hwi^ komiti 



60 as PREZIDENTS. 

reported tu ds Lejislatyiir a kod ov Igz, komprjzd in de 
kumpas ov wiiii hundred and twenti-siks Bilz. cCe grater 
pco-t ov dez wer subsekwentli enakted wid litl elterajon. 

38 laborz ov Mr Jeferson, hw^l a member ov dis kom- 
iti, wer variuSj and veri ekstensiv. He haz, perhaps, bin 
konsiderd bj meni, az an inovator; az tcD fond ov destroii) 
* ds okl kiistomz and loz ov sosjeti, and substitutir) in dq^r 
plas, ds fansiful {coriz ov hiz on bran. He had, it is trcjo, 
no venerajon for old lez and kustomz, merli bekez da 
wer old ; he lukt alon tu dqr jnstis, and d£|,r adaptednes 
tu hiiman natyur and de egzistir) stat ov -Biijz ; and if he 
f^nd not dez kwohtiz in dem, dq^r antikwiti woz no pro- 
tekjon. He woz not wiliij tu hv under a bad le bekez 
hiz fciderz kid dun so, hwen a beter wun kud be obtand. 
But hweder de (^qij ov luv ov inovafon be just er not, it 
nuist be konfest bj el, dat de olterafonz introdiist bj hiz 
menz, intu de konstitujon and loz ov Veijinia, wer 
^anjez ov de most benefijal natyur. Sue), fer instans, az 
de lez konvertir) estats tal intu fe simpl, abolijir) de r^t 
ov primojenitur, and establifiij de fredom ov relijus opin- 
yon. Tu dez ma be aded de lez fer de jeneral establij- 
ment ov skcDlz, and the aboHfment ov de slav trad — el 
hwic; wer propozd bj Mr Jeferson, and eventyuali kaiid, 
do wid modifikajonz in sum kasez. 



TOMAS JEFERSON. 61 

'' ^ konsider/' sez Mr Jeferson, " for ov dez bilz past 
er reported, az fermir) a sistem bj hwic; everi fjber wud be 
eradikated ov anjeiit er fiidal aristokrasi ; and a foidafon 
lad fer a guvernment trojli rcpublikan." Se repel ov ds 
lez ov ental prevented de akiiuiiilafon and perpetyuajon 
ov weli^, in selekt familiz, and tended tu prezeiT de scrl 
ov de kuntri from beir) dali mor and mor abserbd in Icpj 
estats. cle ekwal pctrtifon ov inheritans remtovd de fiidal 
and unnatyural distiijkjonz liwig mad wun member ov even 
famili ri^, and el de rest por. cle restorajon ov de r^ts 
ov konjens, relevd de pepl from taksajon fer de suport 
ov a relijon not dq^r on. cle bil fer jeneral edyiikajoii 
wild kwolif^ de pepl tu understand dq^r rjts, tu mantaa 
dem, and tu eksersjz wid intelijens dqr parts in self -guv- 
ernment. And ol dis wid^t sqkrifjsii) a siggl natyitral 
i^t ov wun individyual sitizen. 

In Jiin, 1779, Mr Jeferson woz elekted Guvernor 
ov Yerjinia, a sityuafon ov pekulyar karakter, tu wun so 
ent|rli unyiizd tu militari af4rz. Yet evn her liiz jenyus 
Jod itself ekwal tu everi emerjensi. 'EveriMi) woz dun bj 
him dat kud be, tu protekt de Stat from de ataks mad 
bj de trator Hrnold on de se bord, and Tqjlton and Kern- 
wolis on de sudern frunter. He rez^nd dis of is in 1781. 

But tcD daz after hiz rezignajon, Mr Jeferson naroli 



62 



as PREZIDENTS. 



eskapt bsii) mad a prizner bj Torlton, hcD, wid: hiz reji- 
ment ov hers, had bin dispagt fer de purpus ov surprjzig 
de Guvernor, and de memberz ov de Asembli, den in 
sejon at Xqjlotsvil. Notis ov ds apro^ ov de enemi woz, 
h^ever, bret tm Z allots vil so erli dat de memberz had 
tjm tu eskap. Mr Jeferson woz at brekfast wid hiz 
famili and sum gests, hwen de inteHjens ov dis mcovment 
woz resevd at Montiselo. He imedietli sent of hiz famili 
tu a plas ov safti, hwjl he himself remand tu mak sum 
aranjments in hiz h^s, and hwjl so okyupjd, a nabor rod 
up tu inform him dat de enemi wer den aktyiiali asendig 
de hil at ful sped, and so ner wer da, dat he had bq^rli 
tjm tu tro himself upon hiz hers and plunj intu de wudz, 
hi hwi^ menz he eskapt de serg dat woz mad for him. 

In 1 781, Mr Jeferson woz apo-nted, tugeder wid Mr 
Adamz, Mr Ja, Mr Lerens, and Dr Fragklin, fer de nego- 
Jiafon ov pes, hwig woz den ekspekted. Hiz il helfi pre- 
vented hiz akseptans ov de ofis. He woz apanted agen 
tu de sam mifon in 1782, but befor hiz embcutojon nuz 
woz resevd dat de preliminariz ov pes had elredi bin sjnd 
bj de uder ministerz, and he woz d^rfor ekskiizd. 

Mr Jeferson woz subsekwentli emplad in numerus dip- 
lom^tik ofisez. He rezjded f jv yerz in Frans ; and doz 
w§r yerz ov grat enjament tu him. Fond az he had evet 



TOMAS JEFERSON. 63 

bin ov s^ens, he had az yet bin al^d but litl tjm fer stiidi 
and investigajon; mor steriij okyupajonz had empld-d him; 
but he n3 f^nd fml oportuniti fer de fre induljens ov hiz 
literari and sjentifik tasts. In de most poljt kort in 
Yurop, sur^nded b^ de most lerned men ov de aj, onord 
and estemd bj dem, not onli az a statsman but az a filos- 
ofer, he led a Ijf most konjenyal tu a mjnd Ijk hiz, so 
eger in de persut ov nolej, and so kapabl ov enjerii) el dat 
woz elegant and refund. He woz, t(D, de frend ov Frarjklin, 
and so grat woz de entuziazm felt bj de Freng pepl fer 
dat remqjkabl man, dat tu be hiz frend woz, ov itself, 
apart from el uder serkumstansez ov publik karakter, a 
sufijent pasport tu de sos|eti and frendjip ov de wjz and 
lerned ov de Fren^ kapital. Mr Jeferson bekam mug 
ataqt tu de Freng najon. 

Yet, notwidstandir) hiz luv ov Frans and its sosjeti, 
Amerika stil held de ferst plas in hiz hqrt, and, amidst 
el de ref ^nment and lernii) ov Paris, he ofn sjd fer de 
rstjrment ov Montiselo. In a leter tu a frend, he sez : 

" 3e karakter in hwig j am her, at prezent, konf^nz me 
tu dis plas, and wil konf Jn me az log az i kontinyix in 
Yurop. H^ loij dis wil be, I kanot tel. OB am ms ov an 
aj hwig duz not ezili akomodat itself tu nu manerz and 
nil modz ov livir), and \ am savej enuf tii prefer de wudz, 



e# as PKEZIDENTS. 

de wjlclz, and de independens ov Montiselo tu el de bril- 
yant ple5urz ov dis ga kapital. ^ Jal dq^rfor rejo-ii myself 
tu mj nativ kuntrij wid nit atd^ments and wid egzajer- 
ated estcm fer its advantejez ; fer do dqr iz les welt dq^r, 
dq^r iz mor fredom, mor ez, and les mizeri." 

Agen he sez: ''^ fjnd de jeneral fat ov humaniti her 
most deplorabl. cle trojfi ov yolt4rz obzervajon, oferz 
itseli perpetyiiali, dat even man her must be eder de 
hamer er de anvil. Hw)l de grat mas ov de pepl q,r 
suferiij under fizikal and moral oprejon, i hav endevord 
tu egzamin mor nerU de kondifon ov de grat, tu aprejiat 
de troo valyii ov de s.erkumstansez in dq^r kondijon, hwig 
dazl de bulk ov spektatorz, and, espejali, tu kompqr it 
wid dat degre ov hapines hwiq iz enjad in Amerika b^ 
even Idas ov pepl. Intregz ov luv okyupj de yuijger, and 
doz ov ambi|on de elder pqit ov de grat. Konjiigal luv 
havii] no egzistens amiiij dem, domestik hapines, ov hwig 
dis iz de basis, iz uterli unnon. In hi ov dez qr substi- 
tuted persists hwic; nuiij and invigorat ol ^r bad pajonz, 
and hwiq ofer onli moments ov ekstasi, amidst daz and 
munte ov restlesnes and torment. Mug, veri mug inferior, 
dis, tu de trankwil, permanent felisiti wid hwig domestik 
sosjeti in Amerika blesez most ov its inhabitants ; levig 
dem tu folo stedili doz persists hwig belt and rezn 



TOMAS JEFERSON. 65 

aprcuvj and renderii) trooli delijus de intervalz ov doz 
persists." 

Hiz obzervajon her streijtend in hiz mjnd dat vii ov de 
grat impertans ov popyular edukafon hwig woz so promi- 
nent in biz politikal te^iijz. In a leter tu Mr Wjfi, from 
Paris, bs sez : 

" ^ tiijk hi far de most impertant bil in ^r hoi kod, iz 
dat fer de difii3on ov nolej amiig de pepl. No uder Jur 
f^ndajon kan be devjzd fer de prezeivajon ov fredom and 
hapines. If enibodi tiijks dat kirjz, noblz, er prests qjc 
gud kouservatorz ov de publik hapines, send him her. It 
iz de best skcol in de yunivers tu kur him ov dat foli. He 
wil se her wid hiz on jz, dat dez deskripfonz ov men q;r 
an abandond konfederasi agenst de hapines ov de mas ov 
de pepl. 3e omnipotens ov dq^r efekt kan not be beter 
prcDvd dan in dis kuntri,partikyiilarli hwen, notwidstandig 
de fjnest so-l upon de erfi, de finest kljmet under hevn, 
and a pepl ov de most benevolent, de most ga and amiabl 
karakter, ov hwig de human form iz suseptibl; hwen suQ 
a pepl, i sa, sur^nded bj so meni blesiijz from natyiir, or 
loded wid mizeri bj kirjz, noblz, and prests, and b^ dem 
alon. Preq, m^ der ser, a krcosad agenst ignorans; estab- 
lif and imprd)V de le fer edyukatig de komon pepl. Let 
iST kuntrimen no, dat de pepl alon kan protekt us agenst 
5 



66 as PREZIDENTS. 

dez evilzj and dat de taks hwig wil be pad fer dis pui- 
pusj iz not mor dan de tezandfi pqrt ov hwot wil bs pad 
tm kigzj prests and noblz, h(D wil r^z up amui) us if we 
lev de pepl in ignorans." 

In 1789 Mr Jeferson rettirnd bom, and woz imedietli 
qozn Sekretari ov Stat, b^ Prezident Wojii) ton. In 1793 
he rezpd dis ofis on ak^nt ov disagrement, az tm politikal 
polisi, wid de uder memberz ov de Kabinet. Iliz on vtiz, 
den pekulyar, gav orijin tm de Demokratik pqrti, so keld. 
Fer a tjm Mr Jeferson retard from publik Ijf, and devoted 
himself tu de kidtivajon ov biz estat, and tm doz literari 
and sjentifik persists ov hwig be woz so fond, and at Mon- 
tiselOj in de bmzom ov biz famili, and undisturbd bj de 
kelz ov ofis, be eksperienstj fer a fu yerz, de domestik 
hapines and kwjet be woz so wel fited tm enjd. He woz 
not, b^ever, loi) permited tm reman a prjvet sitizen. In 
1796 be woz ^ozn Yjs Prezident, under Mr Adamz. 

In 1801 Mr Jeferson, bcD bad bin nominated az a kan- 
didat, in opozijon tm Mr Adamz, resevd a majoriti ov de 
vots ov de pepl. But az de number ov vots givn fer 
Mr Jeferson and fer Mr Bur, bo) bad bin nominated bj de 
demokratik parti fer V^s Prezident, wer ekwal, and de 
Konstitufon did not rekw^r dat de vots fmd spesifj de ofis 
tm bwig eg wun woz respektivli elekted, neder bavir) sug 



TOMAS JEFERSON. 67 

a majoriti az woz nesesari tu a ^crs, dc elekfon ckvolvd 
upon de H^s ov Reprezentativz. Hwen de elekjon kam 
on ds oponents ov Mr Jeferson gav dqr vots for Mr Bur, 
and it woz not until after terti-f jv unsuksesful balots dat 
Mr Jeferson woz elckted Prezident, and Mr Bur bekam, 
ov korSj Vjs Prezident. 

Ov ds merits ov de diferent me5urz persitd h\ Mr 
Jefersonz administrajouj it iz not nesesari her tm spsk. 
Hiz polisi, h^ever, at dat tjm, woz so fqr aprmvd, dat in 
1805; at ds ekspirafon ov de term for hwig hs had bin 
qozn, he woz reelekted tu de ^sf majistrasi bj a Iqij ma- 
joritij notwidstandii) el de egzerjonz ov ds Federal parti. 
3^r kan bs no d^t dat meni ov de akts ov Mr Jeferson 
hwi^ met wid mug hostiliti, wer diktated bj far-ssig stats- 
manjip, and probaJbli wiid be aHd tu be so n^, bj doz ha>, 
in de eks^tment ov pctrti, belevd dem tu be destruktiv 
ov de best interests ov de kuntri. Durii) hiz adminis- 
trajon Lcoeziana woz purgest, inkludii) el dat rejon Ijii) 
west ov de Misisipi, hwic; n^ promisez tu bekum a most 
important part ov de yiinyon. 

Diirir) Mr Jefersonz administrajon komenst dat seriez 
ov agrejonz, on de part ov Grat Briten, hwic; led tu de 
last wer wid dat kuntri. In 1805 de Prezident keld de 
atenfon ov Korjgres tu doz akts, in a mesej ov hwic; de 
foloii) iz an ekstrakt : 



68 as PREZIDENTS. 

" ISt kosts hav bin infested, and ^r harborz wo^t, bj 
prjvet armd veselz, sum ov dem wid^t komijonz, sum wid 
legal komijonz, uderz wid doz ov legal ferm, but komitig 
ppatikal akts under ds otoriti ov dq^r komijon. 3a hav 
kaptyiird, in de veri entrans ov "^r harborz, az wel az on 
de hj S8z, not onli ds veselz ov ^r frendz kumir) tu trad 
wid us, but ^r on elso. 3a hav karid dem of under 
pretens ov legal adjudikajon; but, not dq^rir) tu aprog a 
kort ov justis, da hav plunderd and surjk dem h] de wa, 
er in obskitr plasez, hwq^r no evidens kud arjz agenst 
dem, maltreted de krcDz, and abandond dem in bots in de 
opn se, er on dezerted jorz, wid^t fa)d er kuverig." 

At de ekspirajon ov hiz sekond term in 1809, Mr Jef- 
erson determind tii ret^r forever from politikal Ijf. He 
had servd hiz kuntri fer nerli forti yerz ; and, havig 
devoted de best petit ov his Ijf tii dat servis, he n^ felt 
dezjrus ov d:it rest hmq liiz dekljnir) yerz rekwjrd ; so 
bidii) a fpal fq;rwel tu publik Ijf, he retard tu Montiselo, 
dq^r tu enjo- el 

" a!at liwic) Jud akiimpani old aj, 
Az onor, luv, obediens, trcops ov frendz." 

From dis tjm he never tuk eni part in politiks ; but tu 
wun Ijk him, evn old aj had its diitiz, and in de kulti- 
vajon ov hiz estat, in studi, and in de eksersjz ov a bund- 
les hospitaliti, he f^nd ful emplcrment fer hiz t^m. 



TOMAS JEFEESON. 69 

Mr Jeferson d^d on ds 4{ ov Jul J, 1826, just fifti ycrz 
from ds da hiz immortal Deklarajon ov Independens woz 
sjnd, at ds aj ov ati-tre ycrz. He had bin invited h\ de 
sitizenz ov Wojirjton tu jan dem on dat da in selebratig 
dq^r najonz jubile. But ilnes kompeld liim tu dekljn de 
invitajon. In hiz replj on de 24B ov Jun, he givz evidens 
dat oldo hiz ertli fram woz fast perijig, hiz m^nd woz stil 
de sam ; stil animated bj de sam ardent luv ov liberti, 
stil eger fer de yxiniversal emansipajon ov man. 

"i^ {lid, inded," he rjts, ^*wid pekiilyor deljt, hav met 
dq,r, and eksganjd kongratynlajonZj personali, wid de 
smol band, de remnant ov de host ov wurdiz hcB jomd wid 
us, on dat da, in de bold and d^'tful elekjon we wer tu 
mak fer isv kuntri, betwen submijon and de sord : and tu 
hav enjad wid dem de konsolatori fakt, dat ^ felo siti- 
zenz, after hcif a sentiiri ov eksperiens and prosperiti, 
kontinyii tu aprcuv de (]as we mad. Ma it be tu de 
wurld hwot I belev it wil be, ( tu sum pcirts smner, tu 
uderz later, but f jnali tu ol,) de signal ov r^zii) men tu 
burst de qanz, under hwi(] muijkij ignorans and supersti- 
|on had perswaded dem tu b^nd demselvz, and tu asiim 
de blesiijz and sekiiriti ov self-guvernment. cle form 
hwi(3 wx hav substituted restorz de fre i^t tu de unbonded 
eksersjz ov rezn and fredom ov opinyon. 01 jz ar opnd, 
er CLT opnii), tu de rjts ov men. 3e jeneral spred ov de 



70 as PREZIDENTS. 

Ijts ov sjens, haz elredi lad opn, tu everi vii, dt palpabl 
trcot, dat dz mas ov mankind hav not bin bern wid sadlz 
on dc[Y baks, nor a favord fii bmted and spurd, redi tii 
rjd dem kjitimetli, bj de gras ov God. cLcz cir gr^ndz ov 
hop for uderz ; for ^rselvz, let de gnyual return ov dis da 
forever rcfrej ^r rekolekjon ov dez rjts, and an undiminift 
dcvojon tu dem." 

Suq wer dQ elmost djir) wurdz ov Jeferson tu liiz 
kuntrimen. Iliz Ijf woz fast goir) ^t, and ov dis he 
woz perfektli sensibl. On de terd da ov Julj he askt ov 
doz ar^nd him de da ov de munt; and, on beiij told, he 
eksprest de ernest wij dat he mjt be permited tu bred de 
qr ov de fiftiefi aniversari. Hiz prq^r woz granted; dat 
da, hcoz don woz hald wid so mug raptyur troo de land, 
burst upon hiz jz, and den da wer klozd forever. Fifti 
sumerz had rold over hiz hod sins de da hwen de Koggres 
ov '76 dekl4rd Amerika independent; fifti yerz he had 
woc;t over her Ijk a p^q^rent over hiz g^ld; and he had bin per- 
mited tu se dat kuntri hcDZ kez, in her ^r ov darknes, he 
had so nobli mantand, prosperus and hapi. And olmost 
at de sam ^r, de kindred spirit ov de vencrabl Adamz, az 
if tu bq^r Mm kumpani, left de sen ov hiz ertli onorz. 
In dq^r Ijvz da had bin yiin^ted in de sam grat kez ov 
liberti, and in dq^r dets da wer not divided. 




I 



♦ * 



JfnrJ f rmhnt. 



jaMZ MADISON. 



1 HMZ MADISON woz bom in Ot^enj K^nti, Veijinia, 
W on de 5fi ov Mctrg, 1750. Not mug iz rekerded ov 
biz yo)^. It duz not aper tm hav bin veri eventful. He 
woz a studius ba, and liiz erii yerz aper tu hav bin spent 
in kw^etli disipliniij biz m^nd, — in de stedi and kwjet per- 
siit ov doz studiz kalkulated tu develop doz sterliij p^erz 
hwiq wer so remctrkabli displad bj him in hiz stroi) man- 
hud. 

He beloijd tu a welfii and distirjgwijt famili. He resevd 
de erli elements ov edyiikajon pctrtli at de publik sko)!, 
under de goLrj ov a Mr Donald Robertson, and ofterwardz 
in hiz fctderz manfon, under de privet tiiijon ov Reverend 
Tomas Mqrtin, bj hoz instrukjon he woz prep4rd for 
admijon at Prinston Kolej. 

73 



74 as PKEZIDENTS. 

Hwen de erder ov de BritiJ K^nsil woz givn in 1760, 
fer de enforsment ov de Navigafon Akts, Madison woz 
but ten yerz old. He kiid tak no p(xrt in ds f erst steps 
ov revoltijon. He woz at skcol. But ws ma wel supoz 
dat de events hwi^ hapnd in de period from dis dat tii 
de yer 1776, mad an imprefon on de mjnd ov de student, 
and espejali on de mjnd ov de student ov Prinston Kolej, 
under de instmkjon ov Jon Widerspmn, at dat tjm Prezi- 
dent ov dat institufon. Madison woz edyukated hw^l 
doz events wer posir) hwiq ska)ld de m^ndz ov de 
pepl ov de Koloniz intii jdeaz ov independens, and ov 
republikanizm. 

cle ferst blud ov de Revolujon woz spilt in Boston, in 
1770. In 1771 Madison lesevd biz degre ov Ba^elor ov 
Arts at Prinston. Hwjl at kolej biz p^er ov aplikafon 
woz so remorkabl dat be perfermd el de ekersjzez ov de 
tcD senyor yerz in wun, — bwjl at de sam tjm biz deport- 
ment woz so egzemplari dat Dr Widerspmn elwaz delated 
in bq,rig testimoni tm de ekselensi ov biz karakter at dat 
erli staj ov biz karer; and be sed tu Tomas Jeferson log 
afterwardz, bwen da wer el kolegz in de revolufonari 
Koijgres, dat in de bol karer ov Mr Madison at Prinston, 
be had never non bim tu sa or d(D an indiskret tir). Hwot 
woz diskrejon in biz yoot, woz most prof:f nd wizdom in 
matur manbud. 



jaMZ MADISON. 75 

In 1775 li8 woz a member ov de Komiti ov Publik 
Safti ov ds K^'nti ov Orenj. cle Guvernor ov Verjinia 
had dizolvd ds iTfmktori Asembli ov dat Koloiii ; and de 
kolonists had substituted a Konvenjon in its sted. In 
1776 Madison woz a member ov dis Konvenjon; and ds 
foloiij yer woz a member ov ds Egzekyutiv K^nsil ov de 
Koloni ; and in 1779 he woz slekted bj ds Lejislatyur tu 
reprszent dat komonweW in ds Kontinental Koijgres. 
Hs rsmand in KoijgTes at dis t^m nsrh for ysrz, dat iz, 
til November, 1783. lis woz dus a member ov dat bodi 
diirii] &£ last stajez ov ds Revoliijonari Wer, and for wun 
ysr after ds konldugon ov pss. ^us hs had ampl oportu- 
niti tu obzerv ds dsfekts ov ds erganik le hwig b^nd ds 
Koloniz tugeder duriij wor. Hs se, wid ds uder patriots 
ov dat tjm, h^ ili fited wer ds artiklz ov konfederajon 
tu suport ds fabrik ov ynnyon and frsdom hwig da had 
so nobh rsrd in blud and salaifjs. Ss servis for hwi(] pos- 
teriti wil ever hold ds memoii ov Madison most in rever- 
ens, woz dat ov reskuii) ds najon from ds firetnd rooin 
on ak^-nt ov ds dsfekts ov ds artiklz ov konfederajon. 
asz cirtiklz wer agrsd upon h] Koggres, JulJ 8, 1778. 

as felt in ds artiklz ov konfederajon woz in dq^r givig 
tu ds guvernment tm litl p^er. aa in fakt gav tu de 
Korjgres but veri litl mor dan lejislativ p^er, hwjl d^r woz 



T8 as PREZIDENTS. 

no ('gzekyiitiv tu enfors its dekrez. And its lejislajon 
woz but litl mor dan deldaratori ov de diitiz ov de Stats. 
3a wer enterd intm bj ds Koloniz in de midst ov ds Wer 
ov de Revolujonj and de prinsipal piserz hwig da konferd 
upon de jeneral guvernment respekted de operajonz ov 
wer, and wer yusles in tjm ov pes. In Jert, Koggres, in 
pes, woz pozest ov but a delusiv and jadoi soverenti, wid 
litl mor dan de emti pajentri of of is. It pozest no p^er 
tm raz eni revenu ; tii Icvi eni taksez ; tii enfors eni le ; tu 
sekur eni r^t ; tu regyulat eni trad ; er evn de p(Dr pre- 
rogativ ov komdndii] menz tm pa its on ministerz at a 
foren koit. eta kiid kontrakt dets, but wer wid^t de 
menz ov dis^arjii] dem. 3a kud plej de publik fa^, but 
da wer inkapabl ov redemig it. 3a kud enter intu tretiz, 
but everi Stat in de Yunyon kind disoba dem wid impix- 
niti. 3a kud konstitut korts far p^rasiz and feloniz on 
de hj sez, but da had not menz tm pa eder de jujez er 
jurorz. In a wurd, el p^erz hwig did not eksekut dem- 
selvz wer at de mersi ov de Stat, and mjt be trampld on 
at wil. "3a mjt dekl4r everitii], and dco nuttr).'* 

And at de kloz ov de Revoliijonj in adijon tu de foren 
det ov at milyonz ov dolarz, dq^r woz a domestik det ov 
mor dan fierti milyonz, dii tu Amerikan sitizenz, and, 
pq;rtik}axlarli tu de ofiserz and soljerz ov de revoliijon. 



jaMZ MADISON. 77 

It woz stroijli uijd upon Koggres tu pa dez dets. But it 
had no p^er : it kud onli rekomend tu de individyual 
Stats tu raz muni fer dis pulsus. cIs Stats wer ferst 
keld on fer fundz tu pa de arerz dii tu de soljerz ov ds 
Revoliijon. 3a lisnd tu dez kelz wid rcspekt, but dqv 
sityiiajon woz embarasig ; — tq had its lokal dets tu pro- 
ved fer, and its domestik guvernment tu suport -, de kun- 
tri had bin drand ov its welB, and taksez kud not be 
kolekted. And n^ Koijgres had no p^er tu kompel de 
Stats tu obediens. 

cLqi kud be no fafi in sug a guvernment. It woz a falyiir 
— dis atemt at self-guvernment b^ de Amerikan Koloniz 
woz dus fctr a falyur. Hwot den ! Swoz no gud tu kum 
ov it. ^.Woz anarki tu suksed, and den despotizm agen. 
No; ^Y fqderz, ^^t ov el df[r misfertyiinz and falyurz, 
der^vd lesonz ov wizdom, not okagonz fer despondensi er 
a weknd trust in de God ov fredom. 3e leson da lernt 
bj dis falyur woz, dat da had mor, infinitli mor, tu du) 
dan merli tu a^ev dq^r independens bj wer. cla must ferm 
a guvernment kompakt, upon prinsiplz never befc5r atemted 
upon ert. 

Koijgres repetedli rekomended tu de Stats dat da Jud 
konfer ^iser upon it tu raz a revenii bj diitiz. It woz 
elso rekomended tu doz Stats havig klamz tu unokyupjd 



78 as PREZIDENTS. 

teritori, hwig klamz wer koiifliktii), dat da Jud mak 
liberal grants tm de jeiieral guvernment ov dq^r tentorial 
klamz. On de 286 ov £Ipril, 1783, a Komiti woz apecnted 
hi KoijgreSj konsistii) ov Mr Madison, Mr ElzwurB, and 
Mr Hamilton, tu prspq^r an adres tii de Stats. 38 adres 
woz adopted and transmited, tugeder wid at dokyrimentari 
paperZj demonstratiij de nesesiti dat de me5iirz rekom- 
ended {ud be adopted bj de Stats. 3is adres, wun ov doz 
stat paperz hwi^, mor dan el de dedz ov ctrmz, immertal- 
jzd de rjs; progres and terminajon ov de Nerfi Amerikan 
Revolnjon, woz de kompozijon ov Jarnz Madison. 38 
adres konkludz in de foloii) wurdz : 

^' Let it be rememberd, dat it haz ever bin de prjd and 
bost ov Amerikoj dat de rjte fer hwig fe kontended wer 
de rjts ov human natyur. Bj de blesig ov de 0tor ov 
dez rjts on de menz egzerted fer dq^r defens, da hav pre- 
vald over el opozifon, and ferm de basis ov fierten inde- 
pendent Stats. No instans haz hertufor okurd, ner kan 
eni instans be ekspekted herdfter tm okiir, in hwig de un- 
adulterated fermz ov repubHkan guvernment kan pretend 
tu so fq^r an oportiiniti ov justifjii] demselvz bj dq^r fronts. 
In dis vu de sitizenz ov de Yiinjted Stats cir responsibl 
fer de gratest trust ever konf^ded tu a politikal sosjeti. 
If justis; gild fat, onor, gi^atitnd, and el uder kwolitiz 



jaMz madiso:n". 79 

hwicj ennobl de karakter ov a najorij and fulfil ds endz ov 
guvernment, be ds frcots ov '^i establijments, de kez ov 
liberti wil akw^r a digniti and luster hwig it haz never yet 
enjad ; and an egzdmpl wil be set hwic; kan but hav a 
favorabl infliiens on ds rjts ov mankind. If, on de uder 
sjd, ^r guvernment Jud be unfertyunetli bio ted wid de 
rsvers ov dez kctrdinal and esenjal vertyiiZ; de grat kez 
hmcj W8 hav engajd tu vindikat wil be disonord and 
betrad; de last and fq^rest eksperiment in favor ov de r^ts 
ov human natyur wil be turnd agenst dem; and dqx 
patronz and frendz ekspozd tu be insulted and sjlenst bj 
de votariz ov tirani and yuzurpajon." 

3.UB did Madison, on behq,f ov de patriots ov 1783, 
apel tm de Amerikan pepl tm reskii de libertiz da had 
savd from BritiJ tii'ani^ from de anarki hwig tretnd dem. 
It woz for "de r^ts ov human natyur" dat he apeld ; d^r 
woz no eksklusivnes, no limitajon ov de skop ov fredom. 

3e ctrtiklz ov konfederafon limited de tjm ov servis ov 
memberz ov Koijgres tm tre yerz in siks. Mr Madisonz 
term ekspjrd in November, 1 783 ; he woz dq^rfor inelijibl 
for de suksedir) tre yerz. But hiz talents wer not lost tu 
de kuntri. He woz, de suksedii) yer, elekted a member 
ov de Lejislatyur ov hiz nativ Stat, and kontinyud in dat 
stafon until he woz agen elijibl tii a set in Koijgres, hwq^r 
we find him in Febro^ari, 1787. 



80 38 PREZIDENTS. 

• Hiz laborz in ds Lejislatyiir ov Veijiiiici wer untirig, 
and wer devoted tu ds perfektii) ov de wurk ov rspiiblik- 
anizm in dat Stat. Wun fetyiir ov de monca^kikal estab- 
lijment stil remand in Veijinici ; dat woz^ de €)ur^ estab- 
lijment. 3e Cpiskopal ©iirg had bin, from de setlment 
ov ds Koloni, ds establijt ©ur^; and el uder relijus 
denominafonz, dc[Y, az in Iijgland, wer stigmatjzd wid de 
nam ov Disenterz. Pl-jor tii ds Revoliijon el de properti 
ov de Koloni had bin takst for de snpoii: ov dis ©ur^, 
and it had bin end^d wid grants ov properti from de 
Kr?>n. cle nat}T.iral efekt ov dis had bin tu mak ds 
klerji ov de establijment nnfrendU tu de Revoliijon ; da 
had, df|iior, bekum unpoppilar. Mr Jefersou, in 1784, 
m(Dvd for de abolifment ov de establijment ; in liiz absens 
de foloii) yer, Mr Madison bekam de ^ampion ov relijiis 
fredom. So p^erful woz diz element ov despotizm in 
Verjinia, dat de bil oferd bj Mr Jeferson had bin defeted, 
and de frendz ov de ©urg had prep^rd a bil makiij a 
pro\i3on for te^erz ov de Kiistian relijon. Agenst dis 
Mr Madison dro) up a memorial and remonstrans, hwig 
woz sjnd bj midtitudz ov de sitizenz ov de Stat; and bj 
hiz infliiens de bil di-afted bj Mi' Jeferson, tugeder wid its 
preambl, woz trjumfanth karid, agenst el opozijon, trco ds 
Lejislat}iii\ 



jaMZ MADISOK 81 

38 prinsipl dat relijus opinyonz or eltmgeder ^t ov de 
sfer ov lejislativ kontrol, iz but wun modifikafon ov a 
niQr ekstensiv maksim, hwig inkludz de unlimited frsdom 
ov de pres, ov speg, and ov de konuinikajon ov fiet in el 
its fennz. 

At de sefon ov 1785 de statyiit lez ov Verjinia wer 
rev^zd, and de burdn ov dis task devolvd upon Mr Mad- 
ison, az ^q^rman ov de Judijiaii Komiti ov de H^s. 3is 
task ov addptir) de lez ov de Stat tu de mi order ov fre- 
dom, woz a difikult and arduus wun ; and IVIr Madison 
karid it trcD wid de sam spirit ov liberti and liberaliti hwiq 
had diktated de akt fer de establijment ov relijus fredom. 
3e untjrii) industri, de ser(^ig and penetratiij aplikajon, 
de imperturbabl pafens, de moderajon and jentlnes ov dis- 
pQziJon, hwig smcodd hiz wa over de rugedest and most 
temi pcidz ov l^f, akumpanid him trcD dis transakfon az 
tro) el de rest. 

01 dis tjm de federal guvernment, hwi^, under de 
ortiklz ov konfederafon kmd skq^rsli be keld a guvernment, 
woz dcoii) its inefektyual wurk — everi da Joig de najon 
de nesesiti ov a ^anj. Se adres ov 1783 had bin serku- 
lated tvmt de Koloniz ; de pepl had bin apeld tu, tu tak 
sum akjon. Mr Madison had sujested dat a bodi distirjkt 
from de Koijgres wud be beter adapted tm do) dis wurk, 
6 



S2 38 PREZIDENTS. 

dan ^nid be de Koi)gres itself. Akerdigli de Lejislatyur 
ov Verjiniaj in Janyxiari 1786, apcrnted at komijonerz, ov 
hoom Madison woz wun, direkted tu met wid doz hwig 
Jmd be apemted bj de uder Stats, fer de purpus ov konsid- 
erir) de stat ov trad, and de me^od ov so elterii) and 
amendir) de artiklz ov konfederajon az tu met de wonts 
ov de kuntri. 3e metir) woz held at Anapolis, in Septem- 
ber. Fjv Stats onli wer reprezented. 3is woz a meger 
asembli. Suferig, az woz de najon from de inefijensi ov 
its guvernment, it had not fat in dis mod ov mendiij de 
sad stat ov tiijz. Yet dis Htl metii) woz de jerm ov a 
beter order ov tirjz, Qfter a sejon ov tee daz da ijnd 
an adres tu de Lejislatyurz ov de Stats. Se efiorjip ov 
dis adres iz atribyuted tu Mr Madison. It rekomonded 
aniider Konvenjon ov el de Stats, tu be held at Filadelfia 
in de foloir) Ma, fer de purpus ov a jeneral rev^zal ov de 
Konstitujon ov de Federal Guvernment, tu render it 
adekwat tu de eksijensiz ov de Yiinyon, and tu report tu 
de Koijgres an Akt, hwig, hwen agred tu bj dem and 
konfermd bj el de Stat Lejislatyurz, Jud efektyuali provjid 
fer de sam. Se rekomendajon woz repeted bj Koggres, 
and de Konvenjon asembld akerdirjli at Filadelfia, on de 
9t ov Ma, 1787. 

Tu understand de magnitud ov de task undertakn bj 



jaMZ MADISON. gg 

dis Konvenjon rekwji-z an intimet nolej ov ds stat ov ds 
politikal nojonz ov dat da. Sa wer krcDd; elmost yimi- 
versali so. cfe evilz under de Konfederajon wer apq^rent 
tu el ; but hwot da wer oii) tu woz not so apq^rent. ffs 
pepl trto^t de Yunyon wer suferir), but de vast porjon ov 
dem wer not awcjr ov de kez ov de evil dat woz praig 
upon dq^r v^talz. Soz ser^iij fer a remedi wer bewilderd 
in dctrknes. 3q^r w^er doz, evn amuij de most zelus and 
Ctrdent votaxiz ov fredom, hen, insted ov adiij tu de p^erz 
ov de jeneral Korjgres, inefijent and imbesil az d^ wer, 
inkl^nd rader tu redem de Konfederasi from de forlorn 
kondijon tu hwig it woz rediist, b^ stripii) Koijgres ov de 
pitans ov p^er hwig it pozest. But de Konvenjon went 
tu wui-k tu perform de task, under dez serkumstansez, 
hwig Jud met wid de apr(Dval ov de nafon. And da did 
perform de task. Qfter a deliberajon ov nerli for munts, 
on de 17t ov September, da reported de Konstitujon ov 
de Yuuited Stats hwig baz sins bin de erganik le ov de 
nafon. 

Histori wil ever giv tu Mr Madison de kredit ov leder- 
Jip in dis wurk. It woz begun at hiz sujestyon; it woz 
undertakn in de manor hwig he sujested, and de prinsipal 
fetyurz ov de Konstitiijon qr akerdig tu hiz sujestyonz 
mad loij befor de Konvenjon met. Sen in de after wurk 



84 as PREZIDENTS. 

ov rekonspiij de pspl oy de Stats tii its adopjon, he woz 
ds prinsipal ajent. Befor it kud go iiitm efekt, de Kon- 
stituJoDj bj its on limitafon, must resev de apra>val ov n^n 
ov ds Stats. 38 Koijgres yiinanimusli sarjkjond it at 
wuns. cfis woz a stror) prcof ov de kontemt intu hwig de 
qjtiklz ov konfederafon wer feln. 38 Konstitiijon woz 
tu an^hilat de aitiklz ov konfederajon, and de Koijgres 
widdem; yetdq^rwoznot a disentii) vers in de Koijgres 
itself tu dis veii anjhilajon. But in de Stats demselvz 
dq^r woz stror) opozifon everihwqr; and dis opozijon it 
rekwjrd el de p^erz ov de framerz ov de Konstitujon tu 
Gverkum. It woz in dis wurk dat de tre patriots, Madi- 
son, Hamilton and Ja, y united, and in hwig da jo-ntli 
proditst dat remctrkabl volyiim ov politikal esaz, de Fed- 
eralist. His wurk woz serkulated in numberz in de dali 
nuzpaperz ov de t^m, and prodiist a p^erful infliiens in 
sekurir) de aprxDval ov de Konstitujon. 

But it woz in de Verjinia Konvenjon, keld tu ratify ds 
Konstitujon^ dat Madison had de most ctrdiius task tu 
perform, clis Konvenjon met njn munts after de Kon- 
stitujon had bin promulgated, ^^t Stats had elredi adopted 
it. 3e asent ov Veijinia woz dqrfor tu komplet de num- 
ber njn rekwjrd befor it fud go intu efekt. CI deper 
interest woz den involvd in de desisonz ov Veqinia, dan 



jaMZ MADISOK. 8^5 

in dat ov eni uder member ov ds konfederasi, and in no 
Stat had ds opozijon tu de plan bin so dep, so ekstensiv, 
and so fermidabl az dq^r. Patrik Henri, ds ferst herald 
ov ds Revohijon in Yerjinia, and hcuz sol-sterirj wurdz ov 
liberti hav bin on ds lips ov even sktolber ov de land, woz 
opozd tu ds Konstitiijon. Tomas Jeferson, ds etor ov 
ds Deklarafon ov Indspendens, and dz most intimet and 
konfidenjal frend ov Madison himself, disaprmvd ds Kon- 
stitufon. Jeferson, it iz trtb, woz in Yiirop at dis tjm, 
and hiz opozijon kud not hav ds fors hiz prezens m^t hav 
givn it. But Henri, wid hiz hoi sol, woz opozd tu ds 
hoi plan; and, in de Veijinia Konvenjon Madison woz 
kompeld tu mst him, tu enk^nter and overkum ds el but 
irrszistibl p^er ov hiz elokwens, and ds inegzestibl rssorsez 
ov hiz jjgantik m^nd. 

Henri persiid hiz hostiliti tu ds sistem in el its dstalz ; 
objekted not onh tu ds prsambl and ds ferst ctitikl, but 
tu ds Senet, tu ds Prezident, tu ds jiidijal p^er, tu ds 
trsti makii] p^er, tu ds kontrol givn tu Koijgres over ds 
mihja, and espejah tu ds omijon ov a bil ov r^ts. Henri 
woz sekonded and sustand bj sug men az Jeij Mason, 
and Jamz Monro, and Wilyam Grason, and d^r woz not 
a kontrovertibl po-nt in ds hoi instrajment hwig eskapt 
dq^r embiterd opozijon ; hw^jl upon everi po-nt Mr Madison 



89 as PREZmENTS. 

woz pr8p4rcl tm met dem, wid kojent argument, wid 
intent and ar)k{iis feliij, and wid mjld konsiliatori jentlnes 
ov temper, disqjmir) de ^dvei-sari bj de veri akt ov seniii] 
tu dekljn kontenjon wid him. Mr Madison devoted him- 
self partikyiilarli tu de task ov anseriij Mr Henriz objek- 
Jonz, foloii) him step bj step, and metig him at even turn. 
On de s^d ov de debat wid Madison wer Randolf, Pendl- 
ton, Mcirjal, and Le. Never woz dq^r asembld in Yeijinia 
an abler set ov men. 3e volyum ov dq^r debats iz inval- 
yiiabl. 3e rezult woz de ratifikajon ov de Konstitujon. 

Madison woz elekted wim ov de memberz ov de H^s 
ov Reprezentativz in de ferst Korjgres ov de Yiinjted 
Stats under de Konstitiijon. He dus had de satisfal^Jon 
ov asistiij tu put de mx instrcDment intu praktikal opera- 
Jon, and ov findii] it tu wini^ Ijk a (^qrm. 

In de kontroversi hwig spruij up in 1793, groiij ^t ov 
de revolujon in Prans, Mr Madison bekam involvd in op- 
ozijon tu Mr Hamilton. Hamilton klamd p^erz for de 
Egzekyiitiv hwig Madison den^d. 3us dez to) ^ampionz 
fer de estabHjment ov de Konstitiijon bekam pited agenst 
eg uder upon a kwestyon ov its konstrukjon. Mr Mad- 
ison her displad liiz akustomd statsmanjip. 

Mr Madison woz yiinjted wid Mr Jeferson in opozijon 
tm de fflyen and Sedifon lez. Soz lez wer en4kted durii) 



jaMZ MADISON. 87 

de administrajon ov Jon Adamz ; de fermer impozd ser- 
ten restrikjonz upon hwot wer termd de rjts ov forenerz ; 
and ds later mad it a punifabl ofens tu spek or print 
hwot Jiid be konsiderd inflamatori laggwej, or laijgwej 
kalkiilated tii brig diskredit upon de hj ofiserz ov guvem- 
ment. 3ez loz wer unpopyular from de ferst, and wer 
scon repeld. 

Upon de elekfon ov Jeferson tm ds Prezidensi Madison 
bekam hiz Sekretari ov Stat. He sukseded Jeferson in 
de of is ov Prezident, in 1809. Diiriij dis administrajon 
de lat wor wid Grat Briten tmk plas. It woz, in sum 
sekfonz ov de kuntii, an unpopyular wor; but it iz difi- 
kult n^, and it woz probabli mor so at de t^m^ tu se h^ it 
kmd hav bin avo-ded ; and posteriti wil gqij itz konsekw^en- 
sez upon dat unjust polisi hertmfor praktist bj de BritiJ 
najon, ov involvir) nutral nafonz in her worz, bj unworant- 
abl agrejonz upon d^r komers. 

At de kloz ov hiz sekond term ov of is, in Mcirq, 1817, 
Mr Madison widdi'co from publik Ijf. He livd nerli twenti 
yerz in a hapi retjrment, in de buzom ov a gerful famili, 
and wid a partner az wel adapted tu mak hiz ret^rment a 
plezant wun, az Je had bin tm adorn and dignifj de hjest 
ov publik stajonz. Betwen de okyupafonz ov agrikultyur, 
de amiizments ov literatur, and de eksersjz ov benefisens. 



88 38 PKEZIDENTS. 

&z kultivajon ov dz sal, ov de mjnd, and ov de hart, de 
l85ur ov hiz later daz woz divided. 

In de midst ov dez okyupajonz, in de Jadz ov Mont- 
pelyer in hiz nativ Stat, de dekljnii) daz ov de filosofer, 
de statsman, and de patriot, wer past, until de 28B da ov 
Jun, 1835, an aniversari ov de da on hwig de ratifikajon 
ov de Konvenfon ov Verjinia in 1788 had afikst de sel 
ov Jamz Madison az de Fader ov de Konstititjon ov de 
Yunited Stats, hwen he kamli suijk intu de slep ov 
det. 



4 



I 



J 



Jfitt f rezikiit. 



jaMZ MONRO. 

JflMZ MONRO woz a yugger pupil in d& sko)! hwicj 
developt de hsroz and sajez ov ^r erli najonal histori, 
38 konflikt fer ^^r najonal independens, and de kontro- 
versi ov twelv yerz hvvig presedcd it, did und^tedli prodiis 
a Mas ov men ov moral and intelektyual p^er, adapted tu 
de tjmz and serkumstansez in hwig da livd, and wid kar- 
akterz and motivz ov akfon not onli diferii) from doz hwicj 
predominated in uder ajez and kljmz, but ov hwig men 
akustomd onli tii ds komon-plas impidsez ov human nat- 
yur, cir no mor abl tu form a konsepjon dan bl^ndnes iz 
ov ds kulorz ov ds ranbo. Jorj de Herd had no konsep- 
jon ov ds motivz hwiq animated ds men ov"-76"; he 
nu not dat ds polisi ov hiz ministerz woz havir) ds efekt 
tu prodiis and disiplin a ras ov men in Amerika hco Jud 
pr(DV a mor formidabl p^er dan despotizm ever bsfor kopt 
wid, and ho) wer tu brak ds Jafts ov tirani az ds britl rsd, 

91 



92 as PREZIDENTS. 

Mr Monro woz born in September^ 1759, in de K^nti 
ov Westmorland, Koloni ov Verjinia. At d^ t^m ov de 
deklarafon ov independens, he woz kompletir) hiz edyul^a- 
Jon at de Kolej ov Wilyam and Mari. He woz den sev- 
enten yerz ov aj, and at de fermajon ov de Amerikan 
armi he enterd it az a kadet. Had he bin bern ten yerz 
S(Dner it kan be skq^rsli d^^ted dat he wild hav bin wiin ov 
de memberz ov de ferst Koijgres, and dat hiz nam wild 
hav gon d^n tu posteriti amuij doz ov de sjnerz ov de 
Deklarafon ov Independents . Az it woz, he woz an ctrdent 
and fatfiil pupil ov doz hero sajez hoo wer yun^ted in dat 
ded ov glori; and ov dem he lernt lesonz ov politikal 
wizdom hwig kwolif jd him, hwen dq^r da ov akjon woz 
over, tu help de bcirk ov fredom stedili and bravh on in 
de trot) kors da had Icin^t it. He woz but a yuijger pupil 
in de self sam skml ov Madison. 

At de den ov manhud Mr Monro jand de standard ov 
hiz kuntri. It woz at de ^r ov severest trjal tu ^r kuntri 
dat he jcnd de qjmi; it woz hwen uderz wer dezertii) it. 
He rep4rd tu de hed kwerterz ov Wojiijton at Nu Yerk, 
at de t^m hwen Briten woz porir) her t^zandz ov nativ 
and foren mersenaiiz upon 5r Jorz ; hwen de batalyonz ov 
invadii) qrmiz "fiiknd and multiped, and doz ov de heroik 
^eften ov ^r defens wer dwindhi) tu de verj ov disolujon. 



jaMZ MONRO. 93 

Hwen d^ dizasterz ov FlatbiiJ, Hqi'lem H^ts, and Hw^t 
Plarjz, wer foiod b^ de suksesiv evakyiiajon ov Loij i4and 
and Nu York, and d^ surender ov Fort Wojigton, and d& 
rstret tro) d^ Jerziz ; til on de da devoted tu selebratir) de 
berf ov d^ Savyor ov mankind, de sam yer in liwig 
indep^ndens woz proklamd, Wojiijton, wid de busies hedz 
and unjod fet ov {re t^zand nn and undisiplind leviz^ stud 
on de western baijk ov de Delawq^r, tu kontend in armz 
wid de BritiJ Ljon, and tu bafl de skil and nolej ov de 
Qozn ^ampionz ov Grat Briten, wid ten tjmz de number 
ov biz Jiverii) and emajiated bost; de strem Delawq^r fermii) 
ds onli barier betwen de pr??d ara ov terti fezand veteran 
Britonz, and de skant remnant ov biz dizolviij bandz. 
clen it woz dat de glorius leder ov ^r forsez struk a bio 
hwig desjded de iju ov de wer. Sen it woz dat ds 
miriadz ov Britij weriorz wer arested in dq^r kafer ov vik- 
tori, bj de bundredz ov ^r galant defenderz, az de slir) ov 
de Jeperd ov Izrael prostrated de Filistin hco defjd de 
cirmiz ov de livig God. 

And in dis karer boB ov advers and ov prospems fert- 
yun, Jamz Monro woz wun ov dat litl spartan band, 
skqrsli mor niimerus, do in de event mor prosperus, dan 
da hco fel at Hermopoli. At de Hits ov Harlem, at de 
Hwjt Planz, at Trenton he woz prezent^ and in Icdirj ds 



94 ,38 PKEZIDENTS. 

vangcird, at Trenton, rssevd a bel, liwig seld hiz patiiotik 
devofon tu hiz kiintriz fredom wid hiz blud. 38 God ov 
batlz hoo had dekred dat at Trenton and Piinston, de 
heroik Merser, and Hazlet, and Porter, and Nel, and 
riemii], and Eipen, Jmd jan de rol ov werljk ded, motrterz 
tu ds kez ov liberti, rezervd Monro for hjer serviseZ; and 
for a loi) and ilustrius karer, in war and in pes. 

Rekuverii) from hiz wcond, and promoted in rai)k, az a 
reword for hiz galantri and suferig in ds feld, he scDn 
returnd tii de armi, and servd in de karakter ov SCde- 
kamp tii Lord Sterlir), tro) de kampanz ov 1777 and 
1778: diirir) hwig he woz prezent and distil] gwijt in de 
akjonz ov Brandiwjn, Jermant^n, and Monmut. He after- 
ward z undertiik tm enlist a rejiment, for hwig, at de 
rekomendajon ov Wojirjton, he had bin otorjzd bj de 
Lejislatyiir ov Verjinia ; but from de egzosted stat ov de 
kuntri he fald in dis. He den reziimd de studi ov de Le 
under de direkjon ov Jeferson, hco woz den Guvernor ov 
Verjinia. In de suksedig yerz he servd oka3onali az a 
volunter, in defens ov de Stat, agenst de distresig invagon 
wid hwic; it woz vizited ; and wuns, after de fol ov ©qrlz- 
ton, in 1780, at de reivwest ov Guvernor Jeferson, he 
rep4rd az a militari komijoner, tii kolekt and report infor- 
inajon wid regard tii de kondifon ov de sudern cirmi and 
Stats, a trust hwiq he disgcujd wid entjr satisfakjon. 



jeCMZ MONRO. 95 

In 1782 he woz elekted a member ov ds Lejislatyixr 
ov Verjiiiia, and, bj dat bodi, a member ov ds Egzekyritiv 
Kiynsel. On de 9^ov Jun, 1783, he woz qozn a member 
ov ds Korjgres ov de Yunjted Stats; and, on de 13fi ov 
Desember, ov ds sam yer, tmk hiz set in dat bodi, at 
Anapolis, hwq,r hiz ferst akt woz tu sit az wun ov doz 
reprezentativz ov de najon intm hcDz handz de viktorius 
leder ov de Amerikan ctrmiz surenderd hiz komifon. 

Mr Monro woz yet but twenti-for yerz ov aj, but hs 
had elredi perfermd dat, in de servis ov hiz kuntri, hwig 
wud hav sufjzd for de ilustrafon ov an erdinari Ijf. 38 
ferst h(Dts ov hiz ya)t had bin givn tm her def ens in wer ; 
de vigor and matiiriti ov hiz manhud wer n^ tm be devoted 
tn her welfq^r in k^nsel. 

Mr Monro woz dus for {re yerz a member ov de inefi- 
fent Korjgres under de Konfederajon ; inefijent, not from 
eni felt ov dq^r on, but bekoz dq^r handz wer tjd, da had 
no p"jjer tu akt. 3is woz wun ov de mis^ivus konse- 
kwensez ov de inabiliti ov de Koijgres tu administer de 
afq-z ov de naJon — de wast ov t^m and talents ov de most 
eminent patriots ov de kuntri ; and dat ofn in kapjus, 
iritatii) and frcotles debats. cTe komers, de publik det, 
de fiskal konsernz, de foren relajonz, de publik landz, de 
obligafonz tu de revoliifonari veteranz, de interkors ov 



96 38 PREZIDENTS. 

wer and pes wid de Indian tqbz, wer el siibjekts upon 
hwi^ de benefisent akfon ov Koijgres woz nesesari ; hwjl 
at everi step, and upon everi subjekt, da wer met bj ds 
sam insunn^ntabl barierz ov interdikted er undelegated 
p^er. 

But in hwotever Koijgres kmd do) Mr Monro tuk a 
distirjgwijt part. On de 30B ov Jiilj, 1785, Koijgres 
debated de report ov a Komiti ov hwig Mr Monro woz 
gq^rman, propoziij sug elterafon ov de qrtiklz ov de kon- 
federajou; az woz nesesari. tu vest Koijgres wid de pr^" 
bo"B tu regyiilat komers, and tu levi an impost duti. R 
woz wun ov de me5iirz hwiq led tu de Konvenfon 
Anapolis, and afterwardz tu de Konvenfon ov 1787 hw 
fermd de Konstitiijon ov de Yunjted Stats. Ha)ev( 
kontribyiited tu dat event iz justli entjtld tu de gratiti] 
ov de prezent aj, az a publik benefaktor ; and amiig der 
de nam ov Monro |ud be konspikyiiusli enrold. 

B^ de qjtiklz ov konfederajon no delegat in Koggret 
woz elijibl tu serv mor dan fire yerz in siks. Mr Monroz 
term eksppd tordz de Idoz ov 1786. Durii) dat term, 
and hwjl Korjgreg woz in sejon at Nu York, he fermd a 
matrimonial konekjon wid Mis Kartrit, ov dat siti. ais 
ladi pozest personal atrakjonz and akomplifments ov de 
bjest erder ; and fer a period but litl Jert ov haf a senturi, 



jaMZ MONRO. 97 

fs livd de c;eri|t and afekfonet partner ov hiz Ijf and fert- 
yiinz. Xe akumpanid him in g1 hiz jiirniiijz tr(D dis wurld 
ov k^r; and, de kompanyon ov hiz ycofi, Je woz ds soles ov 
hiz dekl^nir) yerz, and tu de kloz ov liiz Ijf enjo-d de tes- 
timonial ov hiz afekjon. 

Gfter hiz retjrment from de konfederajon Koijgres, he 
asiimd de praktis ov hiz prof ef on at Frederiksburg; but 
he woz ohiiost imedietli elekted tu a set in de Lejislatyivr 
ov Veijinia ; and, de ensuig yer, tu de Konven|on, sum- 
ond in dat Komonwelt, tu diskus and desjd upon de 
A^onstitiijon ov de Yimited Stats. We hav sen dat he 
A^oz an aktor in de insipient steps hwi^ led tu de fermajon 
ov de Konstitujon ; but, in komon wid Jerj Mason, 
Patrik Hemi, and evn Mr Jeferson himself, he woz not 
satisfjd wid de Konstitiijon az it woz framd ; and in de 
Verjinia Konvenjon he woz f^nd arad agenst Madison and 
hiz komperz, h(0 so devotedli uijd its adopfon. He woz 
desjdedli in favor ov a ^anj in de Konfederajon ; but de 
Konstitixjon reported had, in hiz opinyon, defckts rekw^riij 
amendment, hwicj he kontended |ud be mad befor its 
adopjon. Se Konvenjon, h^ever, adopted de Konstitufon 
az it woz, bj a majoriti ov ten, and at de sam tjm sub- 
mited de propozal ov amendments tu be engrafted on it 
afterwardz. 
7 



98 ae PREZIDENTS. 

Bj de kors hwi^ Mr Mouro had persiid on dis grat 
oka5on, oldto it left him for a jort t^m in de minoriti, yet 
he lost not de konfideus eder ov de pepl er ov de Lejislat- 
yur ov Veijiuia. In 1789 he woz elekted tu de Senet ov 
de Yunited Stats. He servd in dat kapasiti until Ma, 
1794, hwen he woz apanted, at de nominajon ov Prezident 
Wojirjton, ]\Iinister Plenipotenjiari tu de Repubhk ov 
Fmns. 

clis woz at de tjm hwen Fi'ans, az a Repubhk, — de 
forst ov nafonz tu folo de grat Amerikan egzdmpl ov fre 
guvernment — woz reseviij simpati from el partiz in de 
Yunjted Stats. But fe had demanded mor dan simpati, 
and had olredi komenst dat kors ov ekstravagans and 
injustis tu hiimaniti and tu de i|ts ov uder nafonz hwiq 
so mcirkt her subsekwent karer. Se refuzal ov Wojirjtmi 
tu kompl^ wid el de demdndz ov Frans had indiist opozi- 
Jon tu hiz polisi in dis kuntri. Mr MonrcS beloijd tu de 
pqrti diferiij from Wojiijton in de relajonz ov ^r guvern- 
ment wid Frans. But az a me^ur ov rekonsiliafon, ^Ir 
Monro resevd de apcputment, and woz yiinqnimusli kon- 
fermd bj de Senet. 

But de diferens ov opinyon hwiq had egzisted in de 
mmdz ov diferent porjonz ov de Amerikan pepl, az tu ^r 
relajonz wid Frans, w^er fsnd stil tu egzist betwen de 



JQMZ MONRO. 99 

Prezident and hiz Minister tu so grat an ekslent dat Mr 
Monro woz rekeld tordz de kloz ov Wojiijtonz adminis- 
trajon. 

Upon hiz return he publijt a vindikajon ov hiz kors az 
Minister, cle siibsekwent karer ov Frans haz led de 
Amerikan pepl tu entirli koinsjd wid de vuz ov Wojiijton 
in dat veri difikult emerjensi. Yet neder de rekol ov Mr 
Monro, nor de publikajon ov hiz volyu.m had eni efekt tu 
wekn de konfidens rcpozd in him bj hiz felo sitizenz. 
He woz imedietli elckted tu de Lejislatyiir, and scon 
afterwardz tu de of is ov Guvernor ov Veijinia. 

Upon de akwizijon ov Lcueziana bj Frans, from Span, 
and its tretnd mihtari ok^oipafon bj dat najon, it woz 
demd a sufijent koz ov grat alarm, espejali woz dis de kas 
{rcD^t de western porjon ov de kuntri. Mr Jeferson, at 
dat tjm Prezident, instituted a spejal and ekstrordinari 
mijon tu Frans, in konsekwens ov de importans ata(;t tu 
de mater. Tu dis miJon, Mr Monro woz selekted, — wid 
de rezident Minister, Robert R. Liviijzton. Mr MonrcSz 
npantment woz mad on de elevnt ov Janyuaii, 1803. 
On hiz arjval in Frans ]\Ir Monrco f^nd dat Bonaport, 
den at de hed ov de Frenc; guvcrnment^ woz wiiii) tu sed 
el ov L(Deziana tu de Yunited Stats, clis woz veri uu- 
ekspekted. Se p^erz ov de Ministerz onli eksteuded tu 



100 as PREZIDENTS. 

dz puin^es ov dz siti ov Nil 'Grlcanz, wid a smel adjasent 
teritoTi, and de r^t ov navigajon ov de Misisipi, and da 
wer onli etorjzd tu ofer tcB milyonz ov dolarz for de sam; 
yet da did not bezitat tm tak de responsibiliti ov nego- 
jiatir) for ol ov Lcoeziana^ wid de sam limits dat it had 
hwjl in de pozejon ov Span. 

On de 306 ov S!piil de treti woz konkluded; de Yunjt- 
ed Stats stipyiilatir) tu pa fiften milyonz ov dolarz for de 
purees. 3e ratifikafon ov de treti woz widin siks munts 
konkliided at Wojirjton, and de majestik Vali ov de Mis- 
isipi, and de valiz, planz and forests, stre^ir) fqj awa tu de 
Pasifik ojan, bekam integral parts ov de Nerfi Amerikan 
Yiinyon. 

From Frans, imedietli after de konlduson ov dis treti, 
Mr Monro proseded tu Irjglandj liwq^r he woz komijond az 
Minister plenipotenjiari. He woz Jertli after wardz sent az 
Minister tu Span, tu negojiat in referens tu de b^ndari 
ov Lmeziana, hwicj had bin left unsetld, and for de purges 
ov Florida. He woz unsuksesful in dez ncgojiajonz, and 
leturnd tu hiz post at Lundon, in Jun? 1805. 

It bekam hiz diiti n^ tu undeiiak de unsuksesful efort 
tu indiis Iij gland tu refran from doz akts ov injustis and 
vjolens tu ^r komcrs ov hwig fe had loij bin gilti, and hmq 
|e woz at dat t^m gratli agravatii). From dat da tu de 



jetMZ MONRO. 101 

end ov de Wer ov 1812^ de bjografi ov Jamz Monro iz 
de histori ov de strugl gTOU] 3t ov doz deprcdajonz, and 
in a grat dcgre de histori ov dis najon — an eventful period 
ia de hlstoii ov manlqnd. He retui'nd tu de Yun^ted 
Stats in 1807, haviq fald, tro) de foli ov de Britij Minis- 
terz, tu akomplif de objekt ov hiz mi Jon. 

In 1811 he woz apo'nted bj Prezident Madison Sekre- 
tari ov Stat clis ofis he kontinyiid tu hold trcD de re- 
minder ov de diibl Prezidenjal term ov Mr Madison, wid 
de eksepjon ov ab^t siks mun^s at de kloz ov de lat wer 
wid Grat Briten, hwen he dis^ciijd de den stil mor arduus 
dutiz ov de Wer Department. On de return ov pes he 
retiirnd tu de Department ov Stat ; and on de ret^rment 
ov Mr Madison in 1817, he woz elekted Prezident ov de 
Yiinjtcd Stats. He woz reelekted, wid^t opozifon, in 
1821. 

From de anyiial mesej ov Prezident Monro, in 1823, it 
aperd dat megiirz had bin takn tu determin bj amikabl 
negojiajon, de respoktiv r^ts and interests ov de Yiinjted 
Stats on de wun part, and de guvernments ov Rcbjia and 
Grat Briten on de iider, upon de Norfiwestern kost ov 
Nerfe Amerika. In referii] tu dis subjekt, de Prezident 
mad yus ov de foloii) laijgwej, hwig embodiz hwot iz n5 
denominated de "Monro doktiin" az tu de r^ts ov foren 



102 ae PREZIDENTS. 

najonz az rcspeldB nix kolonial establijments, and nu * 
politikal ixlajonz wid de guvernments ov dis kontinent : 

'^ In de diskujon," sed he, " tm hwig dis interest haz 
given r|s, and in de aranjments bj hwig da ma terminat, 
de oka5on haz bin jujd proper fer asertir), az a prinsipl in 
hwig de rjts and interests ov de Yunjted Stats cu: involvd, 
dat de Amerikan kontinents, bj de fre and independent 
kondijon hwi^ da hav asuaid and mantan, ctr hensforfi not 
tu be konsiderd az subjekts fer futyur kolonizajon b j eni 
Yuropean p^erz." 

At de kloz ov hiz sekond Prezidenjal term, in 1 825, 
Mr Monro retard tu hiz rezidens in Li^don Kisnti, Verjinia. 
Subsekwent tu dat period, he disi^cirjd de erdinari judijal 
fuijkfonz ov a Majistrat ov de K^nti. In 1829 he prezj- 
ded over de Veijinia Konstitujonal Konvenjon. 

In de siiksediij sumer he woz, in de {art kumpas ov a 
wek, vizited bj de berevment ov de partner ov hiz Ijf, and 
ov aniider ner, afekjonet and respekted relativ. Scon after 
dez dep and trjig afhkjonz he remd>vd hiz rezidens tu de 
siti ov Nu York, Hiz helfi had bin gradynaU fahi); and 
her, sur^nded bj filyal sohsitud and tendernes, de flikerig 
lamp ov Ijf held its hijgerir) flsim, az if awatir) de sumon 
fer its ekstiijgwifment, hwig kam on de 46 ov Jiil^, 183 J, 
hwen de soljer and statsman suijk intu de slumber ov defi. 



iht f rezihnl. 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 

JON KWINSI ADAMZ woz bern at Kwinsi, Masa- 
^lisets, on ds elevnfi ov Julj, 1767. He woz a sun 
ov Prezident Jon Adamz. It iz not ofn ds kas dat de 
sunz ov grat men kum in pozefon ov doz kwolitiz ov 
gratnes hwig fit dem fer de egzelted stafonz hwig dq^r 
fdderz okyupjd. clis ma be oiij tii de serkumstans dat 
de okyupajonz ov de fader so engros hiz tjm and tets 
dat be kan not propeiii superintend and direkt de edyii- 
kafon ov biz ^ikb^en. But de edyukajon ov Jon Kwinsi 
Adamz woz not neglekted h] biz fctder, eldo de tjra ov 
de later, we no, woz givn unspq^rigli tu de koz ov hiz 
kuntri, diirii) de gTater porfon ov biz l[f. We bav sen dat 
de bart ov de elder Adamz, in ol biz wonderirjz woz wid 
hiz bom; and dat de welfq^r ov de litl serkl dqv woz 

never lost s^t ov, evn bwil sur^nded b^ de ostentajus ser- 

105 



106 as PKEZIDENTS. 

kumstansez ov foren korts, and de fat ov hiz nafon de- 
pended upon de sukses ov hiz mijon. 

But Jon Kwinsi Adamz elwaz pad ds litest tribyut tm 
hiz ekselent muder, az de wun tu ha)m he od most, in de 
tumir) ov hiz mpd, in veri erli l^fj tm doz persiits and tu 
doz habits ov 6et and akjon hwiq al6n enabld him tu arjv 
at eni degre ov ekselensi. Ee woz hiz ferst instruktor. 
Hiz fcider woz absent in de Korjgres ov de Revoliijon; 
and it duz not aper dat he atended eni skcol in hiz bo'hud. 
It kaz bin remqrkt, inded, dat &qY semd tu be, in de Ijf 
ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz, no suq staj az dat ov bo-hud. 
Hwil yet but njn yerz old, he rot tu hiz fader de foloir) 
leter : 

Brantrs, J%n 2, 1777. 

J)er Ser: — i" luv tu resev leterz veri wel ; mug beter 
dan \ luv tu r^t dem. ^ mak but a pcor figyur at kom- 
pozi{on. Mi hed iz mug to) fikl. Mji tets or runii) after 
berdz egz, pla and trjflz, til i get vekst at myself. Mamq 
haz a trublsum task tu kep me a studiiij. (E on j am 
ajamd ov myself. ^ hav but just enterd de terd volyum 
ov Rolinz Histori, but dezjnd tu hav got hqj firco it h\ dis 
tjm. (E am determind dis wek tu be mor dilijent. Mr 
B-akster iz absent at Kort. (E hav set mjself a stint dis 
wek, tu red de terd vplyum hof ^t. If \ kan but kep 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 107 

mj rezoliifon, j ma agen at ds end ov ds wek giv a beter 
ak^nt ov myself. ^ wif, ser, ycD wud giv me in r^tig, sum 
instrukjonz wid regard tu de yns ov mj tjm, and adv^z 
ms h^ tm proporjon mj studiz and pla, and l wil kep dem 
bj me, and endevor tu folo dem. 

Wid de prezent determinajon ov groiij beter, j am, 
der ser, ym sun. JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 

Postskript.— Ser: If yo) wil be so gud az tu favor me 
wid a blaijk buk, I wil translo:Jb de most remorkabl pas- 
ejez I met wid in mj redig, hwig wil serv tu fiks dem in 
m\ m^nd. 

3is leter Joz de stamp ov hiz mjnd at de aj ov njn yerz. 
Nun but de bo* hcDz mjnd had resevd its imprejonz from 
de best infliiensez, wud so sa)n hav fon sug noblnes ov 
purpus, and so mug praktikal wizdom. Her ma be sen 
de advdntej ov piir and intelektyual asojiafonz in qjldhud. 
He woz n^ reseviij hiz preparatori edyukajon; he woz scon 
tu enter a diferent skdjl, far awa from hiz muderz f^rs^d. 

Hiz fcider woz apo-nted tu de Ministri ov Frans ; and 
he rezolvd tu tak hiz sun wid him. Her woz an oportii- 
niti for edyiikajon seldom enjd-d bj Amerikan yoot. And 
we ma wel supoz de oportuniti w^oz not lost tu de pupil. 
ae Minister remand in Frans a yer and a hqf. Duriij 



108 38 PEEZIDENTS. 

dat period Jon Kwinsi atended d^ publik sko)! in Paris, 
hwjl liiz l85iir ^rz wer fild wid ds instrukjonz ka5iiali 
der^vd from de konversafon ov hiz fctder and Dr Fraijk- 
lin, h(D woz elso asojiated wid de Ministri. cla wer, ov 
kors, suri^nded bj doz eminent intelektyual karakterz ov 
de t^m, lico elredi aknolejd Frarjkliu az dq^r kompsr in 
sjens, and hoD wer wilir) tii doa onor tu de distil) gwijt stats- 
men ov de nil rcpublik. Ss impra)vment ov hiz sun, 
durii] hiz sojurn abrod, iz dus menjond b^ Jon Adamz, 
just befor hiz embarkajon on hiz return tii Amerika. 

"MJ sun haz had a grat oportuniti tii se dis kuntri, but 
dis haz unavcrdabli retarded hiz edyukajon in sum uder 
tiijz. He haz enjo-d perfekt hel6 from ferst tu last, and 
iz respekted hwf[rever he goz, fer hiz vigor and vivasiti. 
bot) ov mjnd and bodi : for hiz konstant gud yumor, and 
fer hiz rapid progres in Frenc], az ivel az in jeneral nolej, 
hwig, fer hiz aj, iz unkomon." 

aa returnd from Yiirop in 1779, but tu remc4n in dq^r 
nativ kuntri onli tre mun^s. Jon Adamz resevd de apo-nt- 
ment, b^ Koijgres, ov Minister Plenipotenjiari tu Grat 
Briten. Jon Kwinsi agen atended de dipk^matist. cla 
embcirkt on de 17t ov November ov de sam yer. Se |ip 
in hwi^ da sakl sprar) a lek, and woz obl^jd tu put intu 
de port nerest at hand, hwig pra)vd tu be Ferol, in Span. 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 109 

cTa wer den obljjd tii travers de rcmanir) distans tm Paris 
overland, a jurni ov a t^zand m^lz. tlis jurni woz per- 
fermd tro) de m?jntenz on miilz. 38 travelerz rcgt Paris 
abi5t de midi ov Febr(Dari, 1780, hwq,r da remand until 
©gust, ov de sam yer, durii] hwig t^m Jon Kwinsi atended 
an Akademi in dat siti. 

Jon Adamz den rep^rd tu Holand, hwq^r hiz sun woz 
plast at sko)!, ferst at Amsterdam, and afterwardz in de 
Yuniversiti at Lidon. 

In 1781 Fransis Dana woz apcrnted Minister tu Rtojia,. 
and Jon Kwinsi Adamz, den forten yerz old, woz apcrnted 
prjivet selaxtari ov dis mi Jon. He remand in RcDfia forten 
munts, performig de diitiz ov hiz ofis wid ent^r satisfak- 
Jon tu Mr Dana. On hiz return from St Peterzburg, he 
traveld alon, bj a jurni le3iirli mad, and fild wid obzer- 
vafonz on Sweden, Denmark, Hamburg, and Jermani. 
On ar^vii) at Holand, he reziimd hiz studiz at de Hag. 

Jon Adamz, havir) kompleted hiz mijon in Holand, woz 
apo-nted, wid Fraijklin and Jeferson, tu negojiat de treti 
ov pes wid Grat Briten. ^e yurjger Adamz enjd-d de 
satisfakjon ov beiij prezent at de konldiijon ov de treti; 
and hwjl it woz under proses ov negojiajon he woz kon- 
stantli favord wid oportunitiz ov lisniij tu de instruktiv 
konversajon ov Fraijldin and Jeferson, a privUej hwig he 
did not neglekt tu imprcOv. 



110 as PREZIDENTS. 

In 1784 Jon Kwinsi Adamz akumpanid hiz fctder tu 
Lundon, hwen dat statsman woz apanted md Frarjklin 
and Ja tu negojiat a treti ov komers wid Grat Briten. 
3is woz anudcr oportuniti fer him tu resi^ instrukjon in 
dis department, a politikal sktul in hwig he had bin so 
lor) a piipil. He woz n^ abl tii studi tiixoli de poUtiks 
ov de muder kuntri, and tu obzerv de wuikirjz ov its 
Ivomb^nd sistemz ov konseiTativ and progresiv demokrasi. 
It woz her,t(D, dat he lernt from Wilberfors, doz piinsiplz 
ov pohtikal filantropi fer hwi^j amuij Amerikan statsmen, 
he himself afterwardz bekam preeminent. Her, tco, he 
studid elokwens from de livii) modelz ov Pit;, Foks, Erskin, 
Burk, and Eeridan. 

Jon Kwinsi Adamz returnd tu komplet hiz studiz in hiz 
nativ kuntri, at de aj ov aten. He enterd Kambrij Yiini- 
versiti, at an advdnst stajon, in 1786, He gi'adyuated in 
1788, wid hj onorz. He den komenst de studi ov de 
Le, in de ofis ov HeofHus Parsonz, afterwardz ©ef Justis 
Pcirsonz. Qfter de komplejon ov de yitsual kors ov 
stiidiz, and hiz admijon tu de bar, he komenst de praktis 
ov de Le in Boston, hmq he kontinyud for yerz. Ov hiz 
suks:s in de praktis ov de Le, he afterwardz sed: 

"* had loi) and hijgerir) arjzjetiz, in lukig forward, 
d-stful evn ov mj prospekts ov kumfort.abl subsistens, but 



JO]Sr KWINSI ADAMZ. Ill 

ressvir) mor and mor enkiirejment, j perseverd, til in de 
last ov de for yerz de biznes ov mj profejon yelded me 
an inkum mor dan ekwal tu mj ekspenditurz." 

But hiz mjnd woz not, durir) dis t^m, oltugeder engi'ost 
wid de detalz ov Le praktis. cle politikal nolej he had 
so wel stord up, led hiz mjud tu an aktiv slvi'ojtini ov de 
events ov najonz, az da wer transp^rir). Frans woz kon- 
vulst. 3[e statsmen ov Amerika wer divjded in opinyon 
az tu de merits ov dat revohijon. Ilwil a part belevd it 
tu be de development ov de sam prinsiplz hwig had tr^umft 
her, uderz ferd dat de Frenc; pepl did not pozes, suf ijentli, 
doz prinsiplz ov vertyu and ov tro) politikal wizdom tu 
enabl dem fermli tu establij a republikan guvernment. 
In de diskufonz hwig tuk plas at dat tjm on de Fre g 
kwestyon, de yur) leyer engajd ; and wid an abihti hwicj 
at wuns mctrkt him az a statsman. He publijt, in de 
Boston Sentinel; in 1791, a seriez ov ortiklz, sjnd "Publi- 
kola," in hwig he diskust, wid grat abiliti, de wjld 
vagariz enjenderd amiiij politikal r^terz in Frans, and 
hwic; had bin ket up h\ meni in ^r on kuntri. clez ortiklz 
atrakted mug atenjon, bofi at hom and abred. cla wer 
atribyiited tu Jon Adamz. 3a wer republijt in Ir) gland, 
and wer hjli spokn ov bj Foks and Windham. 

In dez and subsekwent artiklz Mr Adamz gdvokated, 



112 38 PREZIDENTS. 

az de proper polisi ov de Yiinited Stats, ds doktriu after- 
wardz set forB bj Wojirjton in hiz proldtmiajon, auynsiTj dt 
niitraliti ov ds Yiinited Stats betvvrn de belijerant uajonz 
ov Yiirop. clis woz hj testimoni tu dz sngasiti ov de \\\z 
ov de yiiij statsman. 

In Ma, 1794, Prezident Wojiijton apomted Mr Adamz 
Minister ov de Yiinited Stats tu de Hag. His woz at 
dat t^m wun ov de most prominent ov diploniiUik stafonz. 
But fer su(} a pozijon hiz politikal ritiijz had okedi Jon 
him tu be eminentli fited. He \yoz at di« tjm in de 
twenti-sevnfi yer ov hiz aj — a yuijger man, und^tedli, 
dan haz sins ever bin selekted bj ^r Guvernment tu fulfil 
a trust so important. 3e suksos ov de Minister fuli 
justifjd de wizdom ov Wojiijton in selektiij him for dis 
important pozijon. 

Men wer, at dat t^m, selekted fer h^ stafon on ak^nt ov 
d([r fitnes rader dan on akynt ov pqrti or personal konsid- 
erajonz ; and oldo de fqder ov Mr Adamz woz den Yjs- 
Prezident, yet it woz never sujested dat dat serkumstans 
had de lest infliiens in de apantment. 

Ten yerz befcSr, hwjl Jon Kwinsi Adamz woz a sktol bor 
at de Hag, hw(|r he woz ny tu rezjd az Minister Plenipo- 
tenjiari, hiz fqder rot ov him : — ^' cla giv him a gud kar- 
akter hwq^rever he haz bin, and j hop he wil mak a gud 
man." 3at hop woz never disapanted. 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 113 

He kontinyiid in lloland til lu-rli de kloz ov Wojiijtonz 
admiiiistrafon. II iz komunikajonz wor estnnd b^ (h 
Prozident, az ov de hiost valval, afordiij him, az da did, 
a liiminus deskripjon ov de mtovment ov kontinental af qrz, 
upon hwicj he kud plas de most implisit rtljans. 

IIwjl on a vizit tu Lundon, from lloland, he formd an 
akwantans wid Mis Liieza Kaf oiin Jonson, do tor ov J6|- 
yuo Jonson, at dat t)^m Konsidar cEjcnt ov de Yiinjted 
Stats at Lundon. clis akwantans rezulted in niaiij on de 
26t ov Jiilj, 1797. It woz a hapi yunyon. For mor 
dan hqf a sontiiri da }f\rd ec; udcrz jcz and soroz. 

In 1797 Jon Adaniz bekam Prozident ov de Yunjted 
Stats. It TVS bekam a mater ov ekstrem delikasi az tu 
hwot fud be dun wid hiz sun. He solisited de adv^s ov 
Jeneral Wojigton az tu de kors he fud tak : hweder tu 
kontinyii kiz sun in politikal stajonz, or tu ah' him tu 
retjr, and dns prevent ol oka^on for envi and jelusi anuiij 
aspjrants. Jeneral Wojiijton in hiz replj, after adv^ziij de 
Prozident tu de former kors, gav eksprejon tu de foloig 
veri koniplimontari laTjgwej: '^Wid^t intendiij.tu kompli- 
ment de fctder or de muder, or tu senjnr eni uderz, j giv 
it az mi des^ded opinyon, dat Mr Adamz iz de most 
valyriabl pubhk karakter we hav abrod ; and dat dq^r 



114 as PREZIDENTS. 

rsmanz no d^t in mj m^ndj dat he wil prcov himself tu be 
de ablest ov ^r diplomatik kor." 

cic Prezident adopted ds advjs ov Wojigtonj and Jon 
Kwinsi Adamz woz apcnted Minister tn Berlin. He re- 
turnd tu de Yiinjted Stats in 1801. Hs woz fertynnetli 
absent from ds kuntri durii) de politikal kanvas hwig re- 
zulted in ds elekjon ov Mr Jeferson tu de Prezidensi, tu 
sukssd hiz fcider. Hiz subsekwent politikal kors duz not 
sem tu hav bin influenst b^ de prejiidisez enjenderd bj 
politikal str^f ; and hwig evn at dat erli da, sem tu hav 
had t(D mug influens in everi politikal kanvas. 

In 1802 he woz elekted tu de Senet ov Masaqiisets. 
In de f(^xOii) yer he woz elekted tu de Senet ov de Yun^ted 
Stats. cLus, at de erli aj ov terti-siks yerz, he had atand 
de hiest lejislativ bodi ov de Yimyon. Mr Adamz woz 
elekted az a kandidat ov de Federal parti, yet he did not, 
az Senetor, akt az a partizan. Hiz vuz aroz abuv de 
jaklz ov pctiti. It woz sed ov him dat he woz not a reliabl 
parti man. 3at woz tro) hwenever hiz parti swervd fr\om 
hwot he konsevd tu be de Ijn ov diiti. 3is woz de karak- 
teristik ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz tra)^t hiz lor) politikal karer. 

In 1805 he labord tu hav Korjgres pas a lo leviii) a 
duti on de importajon ov slavz. 3is woz de ferst pubhk 
indikajon ov hiz vuz on de subjekt ov slaveri. It woz a 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 115 

premonijon ov de bold, unfliiK^ii), nobl W0r% agenst dat 
institujon, and ov ds advokasi ov hiiman fredom and 
human r^ts in de wjdest sens, hwig karakter jzd ds klozig 
senz ov hiz remcp-kabl karer, and hwig wil perpetyuat hiz 
fam, hwen uder akts ov hiz Ijf fal hav past from ds 
remembrans ov men. He labord tu gek ds influens ov 
ds Slav p^er, bj ds onli msnz perhaps hwi^ aperd fezibl at 
dat tjm. 

On ds kwestyonz ov pohsi hwig ajitated ds politikal 
pctrtiz ov ds kuntri, prsssdig ds lat wer wid Grat Briten, 
Mr Adamz separated from ds parti hwig slekted him tu 
de Senet. as pspl ov Masagiisets espejali wer opozd tia 
dz mesurz hwicj ds administrajonz ov Jeferson and Mad- 
ison -Bet proper tu adopt in opozijon tu ds enkro^ments 
ov Grat Briten upon Amerikan komers. In dsz mesurz 
Mr Adamz koinsjded. 

ais subjekted him tu de ssvsrest senfur. Hs woz 
t^ctrjd wid forsaldi) hiz p^rti— and wid ds lo motiv ov 
sekir) tu promot ambijus lorjigz and selfij endz. But 
doz hco mad dsz Qctrjez in sinseriti, labord under an entjr 
misaprehenjon ov hiz karakter and prinsiplz ov akjon. 
At dis da, aded bj ds histori ov hiz Ijf, and bj a perfekt 
nolej ov hiz patriotizm and devojon tu tra)t and prinsipl, 
it iz Idsrli ssn dat dis tjm, az elwaz, hs but akted up tu 



116 as PEEZIDENTS. 

ds h] TG)l li8 had adopted, ov makir) parti and sekjonal 
konsiderafonz sekondari tu de onor and interests ov de 
najon — an egzdmpl hwig no pur and hj mjnded statsman 
kan fal ov foloii). 

38 Lejislatyur ov Masagitsets instrtikted her Senetorz 
tu op6z de me5urz ov Mr Jeferson. Sis led tu de rezig- 
najon ov Mr Adamz, in Mctrg, 1808. 

Mr Adamz had, sins 1804, held de apo-ntment ov Pro- 
fesor ov Retorik and Bel-Leter, in Harvard Yuniversiti. 
3is ofis he aksepted on kondijon dat hs Jud be al^d tu 
disgorj its dutiz merli durii) de reses ov Koijgi'es. Hiz 
lektyurz on Retorik and 'Oratori wer veri popyular. 3a 
wer atended bj larj ediensez ov personz not uderwjz kon- 
ekted wid de institujon. Mr Adamz had ekedi gand de 
repyntajon ov a ijp skoloi'. Hiz literari fam woz not 
surpdst bj hiz repyutajon az a statsman. Hiz konekjon 
wid de Yiiniversiti kontinyud til Jitlj, 1809. 

In Mar(5, 1809, Mr Madison woz indukted intu de 
Prezidenjal ^q^r. Durii) de sam munt Mr Adamz woz 
•apernted Minister tu Rojia. Durii) hiz rezidens in Rcojia 
Mr Adamz woz nominated bj Mr Madison tu de beng ov 
de Suprem Kort ov de Ynnjted Stats. Se nominafon 
woz konfermd bj de Senet ; but he dekljnd de akseptans 
ov dis distirjgwijt ofis. 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 117 

Hwjl at Sant Peterzburg Mr Adamz rot hiz selebrated 
"Leterz in hiz Sun^ on de B^bl and its Te^igz;" a litl 
volyum hwic; fiid be red bj everi ycofi ov Amerika. Mr 
Adamz belsvd and praktist de presepts ov Kristianiti. He 
woz not a sektarian, az hs woz not a pcirtizan. But hiz 
kondukt trcD lif woz gjded bj de prinsiplz ov de Gospel 
ov Kr^st. 

Mr Adamz woz apanted, in 1814, tu de komifon hwig 
neg6|iated de treti ov pes wid Grat Briten. In dat nego- 
Jiajon Mr Adamz woz plast at de bed ov de Amerikan 
komijonerz^ amui) hcom wer K^a and Galatin. In spekig 
ov de negojiafon ov dat treti; de Duk ov Welirjton dekl4rd, 
in de BritiJ H^s ov Lerdz, dat "In hiz opinyon de Amer- 
ikan komifonerz had Jon de most astonijirj superioriti over 
de BritiJ, diirig de hoi korespondens." 

In Ma, 18J 5, Mr Adamz jo-nd Mr Kla and Mr Galatin 
in Lundon, tu negojiat de treti ov komers and trad^ hwig 
haz bin de basis ov komerjal interkors wid Grat Briten 
sins dat tjm. He n^ resevd ofijal notis ov hiz apo-ntment 
az rezident Minister at de Kort ov Sant Jamz ; dus veri- 
f jig de predikjon ov Wojiijton, dat, " in az Jert a tjm az 
kud be wel ekspekted," he wmd be f^nd "at de bed ov de 
diploma tik kor." 

On de elekjon ov Mr Monro tu de Prezidensi, he 



118 ae PREZIDENTS. 

selekted Jon Kwinsi Adamz fer de respoiisibl pozijou ov 
Selaxtari ov Stat. Spekii] ov dis apantment, in a leter 
tu Jen. Jakson, Mr Monro empl6"d ds foloii) larjgvvej: "i^ 
}al tak a person for de Depqiiment ov Stat from ds Cst- 
ward; and Mr Adamz, bj loij servis in m' diploma tik 
konsernz, apeiiij tu be entjtld tu de preferens, supoiied bj 
biz aknolejd abilitiz and integritij hiz nominajon wil go tu 
de Senet." In hiz replj, Jen. Jakson sed : " ^I^ hav no 
hezitajon in sair), yco hav mad de best selekjon tu fil ds 
Depctrtment ov Stat dat kud bs mad." 

ais predikjon woz wel funded. Durir) ds at yerz ov 
Prezident Mom^oz administrajon^ Mr Adamz dis^cujd de 
dutiz ov de Stat Department wid a f^deliti and sukses 
hwiq resevd not onli de unkwonfjd aprobajon ov de Prezi- 
dent, but ov de hoi kuntri. 

In 1824, Mr Adamz bekdm a kandidat fer de Prezi- 
densi. Hiz kompetitorz wer Henri Kla, Jen. Jakson, and 
Wilyam H. Kroford. Sez wer el at dat tjm prominent 
men. cle strngl woz rader a personal and sekjonal wun, 
dan ov a parti natyur. Parti l^nz had, diirii) de admin- 
istrajon ov Mr Monro, bin nerh obliterated. Gl ov de 
kandidats subskr^bd, substanjali, tu de sam politikal kred. 
ae rezult woz dat no elekjon woz efekted bj de pepl. 

Ov de tcD hundred and sil^ti-wun elektoral vots, Jen. 



JON KWIXSI ADAMZ. 119 

Jakson rssevd ninti-nin, Mr Adamz ati-for, IMr Kreford 
forti-wiin, Mr Kla terti-sevn. Neder hnviij a majoriti, 
de dekjon devolvd upon de H^^s oy Reprczeiitativz, Yotii) 
bi Stats. cIs elekjon in d^ H^'s tuk plas on de 9B ov 
Febrtoari, 1825. Ss rczidt woz dat Mr Adamz ressvd 
fiertcn vots, Jen. Jakson sevn, and Mr Kroford for; and 
Mr Adamz woz dek^rd elekted. 

On de 4B ov Mctrg, 1825, Mr Adamz tukde Preziden- 
Jal gq^r hwig biz f cider bad vakated twenti-for ysrz befor. 
clat fader bto had sed ov biz sun, bwen a lad, ''He be- 
bavz Ijk a man," woz stil liviij, a witnes ov de onorz 
bestod upon bim bj ds Amerikan pcpl. 

In ds kondukt ov de administrajon ov Jon Kwinsi 
Adamz, ds sam absens ov pcirti spirit woz fon dat had 
karakter^zd hiz politikal Ijf. He refiizd tu remojv pohtikal 
opozerz from ofis. In dis respekt hs adhcrd striktli tu 
de polisi ov konsideriq de pubhk gud, wid^t in de kst 
rEgop:di]3 de rclajon ov de inkumbent tu hiz parti. Upon 
its bsii) reprszented tu him at wun t|m dat a prominent 
ofiser ov de guvernment, rezjdii) at Nil York, woz yuzig 
hiz infhiens agenst de rselekfon ov Mr Adamz, and dat 
dq^rfor he fud be remtovd from ofis, he repljd : " Sat 
jentlraan iz wun ov de best ofiserz in de publik servis. $ 
hav had okason tu no hiz dilijens, egzaktnes, and pugk- 



120 38 PEEZIDENTS. 

tiialiti. On puhlik gr^ndz, dq^rfor, d£[r iz no kez ov 
komplant agenst him, and upon no uder wil j remc&v him. 
If I kan not administer de guvernment on dez prinsiplz, j 
am kontent tm go bak tu Kwinsi." 

3is woz de poKsi ov Jeneral Wojigton. Se foloir) iz 
an ilustrajon. Hwjl Wojiijton woz Prezident, aphkajon 
woz mad for an apo-ntment tm ofis, ov an intimet personal 
frend ov de Prezident. At ds sam tjm aphkajon woz 
mad for de sam ofis bj a determind pohtikal oponent. 
3e later resevd de apantment. On de pqrt ov hiz frend 
komplant woz mad. Wofirjton mad de foloiij eksplana- 
fon : "Mj frend," sed he, "jresev wid kerdial welkum. 
He iz welkum tu mj h^s and welkum tii mj hcirt : but 
wid el hiz gud kwohtiz he iz not a man ov biznes. Hiz 
oponent wid el hiz politiks, so hostil tu me, iz a man ov 
biznes. ]Mj privet fehgz hav nutig tu do) in ds kas. $ 
am not Jerj WoJii-]ton, but Prezident ov de Yixnjted Stats. 
Az Jerj Wojiijton [ wud dco dis man eni kjndnes in mj 
p^er — az Prezident ov de Yunjted Stats { kan dco nuBii)." 

Duriij de period ov Mr Adamzez administrajon, no 
pohtikal events strjkirjh efektir) de interests ov de kuntri 
transp^rd. On de 4t ov Mcirg, 1829, he retard tu hiz 
liom at Kwinsi. 

Widln a yer from de tjm ov hiz retjrment, de foloig 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 121 

paragraf apETcl in de piiblik prints:— "Mr Adamz, lat Prez- 
ident ov de Yiinjted Stats, iz namd az a kandidat fer 
Koijgres, from de distrikt ov Masa^itsets n^ reprezented 
bj Mr Ri(;ardson, hoo deldjnz a reelekfon." 

3is an^nsment teated mug surprjz. It woz fiot im- 
posibl dat wun hcb had 6k}aipjd a pozijon so elevated 
wild konsent tii seiT de pepl ov a siijgl distrikt, az a rep- 
rezentativ in Koijgres. Sug a ttij woz unlierd ov. But 
lie woz nominated. In akseptii] de nominajon, Mr Adamz 
empld-d de foloig lai)gwej : — " If mj felo sitizenz ov de 
distrikt jud tiijk proper tii kel fer sug servis az it ma be 
in mj p^er tu render dem, bj reprezentii) dem in de twenti- 
sekond Korjgres, j am not aw4r ov eni s^nd prinsipl hwiq 
Jud justify me in widhoklirj dem." He woz elekted b^ a 
nerli yiinanimus vot. He tuk hiz set in Desember, 1831, 
and fer sevnten yerz he kontinyiid tu reprezent hiz nativ 
distrikt, in a maner hwic; dignifjd and aded hister tu a 
karakter elredi de most elevated. 

Hiz ferst politikal akt in de H^s ov Reprezentativz woz 
de prezentajon ov several petijonz from sitizenz ov Pensil- 
vania, fer de abolijment ov slaveri in de Distrikt ov Ko- 
lumbia. In de prezentajon ov dez petijonz, Mr Adamz 
distiijktli dekl^rd dat he woz opozd tu de ajitajon ov de 
subjekt involvd in dq,r prq^r, at dat tjm. At de sani tjm 



12!2 as PREZIDENTS. 

he dcmd it hiz cliiti tii prezent de pctijonz. clis woz de 
komensment ov hiz advokasi ov de rjt ov petijon, an 
advokasi hwi^ hs woz kompeld afterwardz tm persit agenst 
de most determind opozijon, and in hwig he justli akwjrd 
de tjtl ov "de old man elokwent." 

He had bin eh'edi non az an anti-slaveri man. Sum 
ov hiz frendz hco diferd from him az tu de tjm and manor 
ov opoziij dat evilj wer disapmited at hiz av^al dat he did 
not aprcGv ov akjon upon de prq^r ov de petijon. Hiz 
subsekwent akJon proovd, h-j^ever, dat it woz wid him onli 
a kwestyon ov t^m and serkumstans. 

In 183 5j de wor ov Teksas brok ^t. Jeneial Ganz had 
bin erderd wid a miKtari fors tu de frunter ov Teksas, 
wid de av^d purpus ov defendig de frunter from Indian 
depredafonz. But it woz belevd dat de efekt ov dat 
dispozijon ov de forsez, woz tu enkurej and ad de Teksan 
rebelyon. In a spec; mad in de H^s ov Reprezentativz, 
in Ma, 1836, in referens tu a kol fer a milyon ov dolarz 
tu sustain de fors ov Jencral Ganz, MrAdamz opozd de 
apropriajon. He boklli eksprest hiz viiz az tu de kozez 
hwiq led tu de Teksan wor, and tu de objekts amd at b^ 
its prinsipal abetorz : hwic] viiz siibsekwent histori haz 
pnovd in de man korekt. He belevd dat if de objekts ov 
de wor wer konsumated, de reziilt wud be de ekstenjon ov 



i 



JON KWINSI ADAMZ, 123 

slaveri ; b^ de Iqrj aksejon ov slav teritori upon de s^B 
western p or Jon ov ^r yunyon. Hiz opozifon tu de Teksas 
aneksajon woz most determind, and kontinyud until ds 
konsumajon ov dat me5iir. 

On ds I8h ov Ma, 1836, ds foloiij rezolujon past de 
H^s ov Reprezentativz : 

^' Bezo/vd, clat el petijonz, memorialz, rezoliijonz, pro- 
pozijonzj or paperz, rslatii) in eni wa, or tu eni ekstent 
hwotever, tu ds subjekt ov slaveri, er de abolijon ov sla- 
veri, Jal, wid^t beii) eder printed or rcferd, bs lad on de 
tabl, and dat no furder akjon hwotever be takn dq^ron." 

On dis rezolufon, hwi^ vertyuali abolijt de r^t ov petijon, 
Mr Adamz refijzd tu vot, and sent tu de Spekerz Qq^r de 
foloiij deklarajon, demdndig dat it Jud be plast on de 
Jurnal ov de H^'s, dq^r tu stand tu de latest posteriti : — 

"I^ hold de rezoliijon tu be a direkt vjolajon ov de 
Konstitujon ov de Yunjted Stats, ov de rcolz ov dis II^s, 
and ov de rjts ov mj konstityuents." 

He livd tu witnes de repel ov dat obnokjus gag rjjl, 
hwiq woz dun bj a vot ov de H^s in 1845. 

It iz imposibl, in dis bref skeg, tu mak evn a bref 
menjon ov wun hctf ov de publik akts hwig Jed luster on 
de kariT ov dis grat statsman. 3e serkumstansez ov hiz 
det c\x yet familyar tu most rederz. He d^d at hiz post. 



124 as PREZIDENTS. 

On d^ 21st ov Febrmari, 1848, he woz in liiz plas, az 
yilSUal, in dz Hiss ov Reprezentativz. Ab^t hcif past 
wmi Qklok ov dat da, az de Speker had rizn tu put a 
kwestyon tu ds H:^s, de prosedirjz wer sudenli interupted 
hi krjz ov " Stop ! stop !— Mr Adamz !" a^r woz a kwik 
mcovment ov memberz. Mr Adamz had suijk in a stat 
ov unkonfusnes. He woz imedietli lifted intm de area in 
frunt ov de Spskerz tabl. Ss H^^s at wuns adjtirnd. 
Mr Adamz woz konvad tu de Spckerz rtom in de Kapitol, 
hw£[r he remand, wid onli bref intervalz ov konjusnes 
diirir) de 22d, and 23d,— Koijgres, in de men tjm, ad- 
jurnir) from da tu da, transaktir) no biznes. He ekspjrd 
on de evnii) ov de 23d. cle last wurdz he uterd wer, 
^'SLis iz de last ov er^ ; / am /content,'' 



ANDR© JAKSON. 

NDRO) JAKSON woz bern at Wakse, Distrikt ov 
Marion, in de Stat ov S^t Karolpa, on de 156 ov 
jMctr^, 1767. Hiz fader woz a nativ ov ^Irland, and emi- 
grated tu Amerika wid hiz famili, a wjf and to) sunz, in 
1765, but tco yt:rz bsfor de berB ov Andno. He kam tii 
Amerika tu eskap ds oprejon liwig haz krujt ^t ds libertiz 
ov ds pcpl ov hiz il-fated ^land. lis d^d ab^t t(D yerz 
after biz arjtal in Amerika. lis left tre sunz, ov horn. 
Andrto woz de yuijgest, in a stranj land, in de helplesnes 
ov infansi, tu de kq^r ov dq^r widod muder. 

Andrco woz dezjnd for de Ministri. Wid dis vii he erli 
atended an Akademi hwqr larjgwejez wer tot. Her he 
komenst de studi ov de Idasiks ; but hiz studiz wer veri 
S(on interupted bj de brakii) ^^t ov de revoliijonari strugl, 
hAvic; involvd hiz nativ plas in its strjf, and enlisted Jakson, 

yet a bo-, in de koz ov fredom. 

127 



128 as PREZIDENTS. 

At ds yditful aj ov forten, wid de konsent ov hiz 
muder, in kumpani wid hiz bruder Robert, he enterd de 
Amerikan kamp, az a voluntcrj in de servis ov liiz kuntri. 
Hiz eldest bruder^ Hii, had elredi lost hiz Ijf in de kez ov 
frsdom. Hwot must hav bin de patriotizm ov dat nmder, 
h(D gav up her fire sunz tm de perilz ov de batl feld, in de 
defens ov her adopted kuntri. 

Veri sion after yui) Jakson enterd de servis ov hiz 
kuntri, and hwjl he yet remand in hiz nativ t^n, Lord 
Rodon dispa(;t a detaqment ov BritiJ dragcJbnz, under de 
komdnd ov Major Kofin, for de destrukjon ov Wakso. 
3e inhabitants entrenc^t demselvz in a ©urq. 3a wer 
sudenli surprjzd, and elevn ov dem wer takn priznerz. 
Amuij doz h(D eskapt wer Andro) Jakson and hiz bruder. 
cEa wer, h^ever, kaptytird on de foloii) da. 

Everi spejez ov indigniti woz praktist upon dez Ameri- 
kan priznerz ; and, wid uder il tretment, yur) Jakson woz 
erderd tu klen de bujts ov a Britij ofiser. He refiizd tu 
oba de debasiij komdnd, and demanded de tretment dti 
tu a prizner ov wor. 3e ofiser, enrajd at de boldnes ov 
de refiizal, mad a violent f mst wid hiz sord at de hed ov 
de ycot, hwig he parid wid hiz ctrm, and resevd a sever 
wcond in konsekwens. In dis de bo- dispMd dat boldnes 
ov spirit hwig af terwardz mqrkt de karakter ov de man. 



ANDROD JAKSON. 129 

Hiz bruder woz elso wconded b^ an ofiser after he woz 
takn prizner; and woz den konfjnd in a prizn sel, 
hw^r he d^d ov hiz wmndz. 

At dis tini d^ muder ov Jakson elso d^d. Q Ion wido, 
in a land ov stranjerz, Js had tukseded in razii) her qildren 
tu ds don ov manhmd, tu ss dem sakrif^zd in de koz ov 
fredom. 38 last eforts ov her l^f wer spent in mitigatig 
de suferiijz, and in ekstendiij relef tu de priznerz hcD wer 
kaptyurd in her naborhud : — but hwen je se her ^ildren 
fel, de t^z hmcj b^nd her tu ert wer brokn, and de grav 
klozd upon her az it had dun upon her ofspriij. 

3us AndrtD Jakson, at de aj ov fiften, f^nd himself 
alon in ds wurld, a sad spektator ov ds desolafonz dat 
had vizited hiz famili. '' Not a drop ov hiz blud run in 
ds vanz ov eni hvir) tetyur." cEs suden ekstigkjon ov 
hiz famili bor hevili upon him. But hs did not log giv 
wa tu despondensi. 

At ds aj (.V sikstsn hs reziimd hiz studiz. But hiz 
pskuniari rssorsez did not permit him tu kari ^t hiz orij- 
inal intenjon ov akwirig a klasikal edyukafon. In ds 
foloig ysr hs komenst ds studi ov ds Le, at Selzberi, 
Nerfi Karoljna. Hs woz admited tu ds Bar in 1786, 
and praktist Le in ds korts ov hiz nativ Stat for tco ysrz. 
Hs den rsmcLvd iu. Najvil, in hwot woz den keld ds S^t- 
9 



130 ae PREZIDENTS. 

West Teritori. Hs woz imedietli suksesful in de praktis 
ov de Le at Najvil, and hs woz S(jon apecnted Aturni Jen- 
eral ov ds Teritori. clis ofis he sustand fer a konsiderabl 
tjin wid distirjgwift abiliti. 

In 1796 hs woz a member ov ds Konvenjon hwig fermd 
ds Konstitiijon ov ds Stat ov Teness, and woz slekted ds 
ferst Reprszentativ from dat Stat in Korjgres. In ds 
foloii] ysr, 1797, hs woz slekted tu ds Senet ov ds Yu- 
njted Stats. 3is hj^ ofis hs scon rszjnd ; not, h^ever, bsfor 
hs had an oportiiniti tii vot for ds rspsl ov ds fflyen and 
Ssdijon lez. Hs woz cifterwardz slekted Juj ov ds Siiprsm 
Kort ov hiz Stat. 3is ofis hs soon rsz^nd, and rstjrd tu 
privet Ijf. Fer several ysrz hs spent hiz t^m in ds kwjet 
persitts ov agrikulty ur. 

lis had held ds ofis ov Major Jeneral ov ds Milija ov 
Teness sins ds erganizajon ov ds Stat. Upon ds brakii) 
^ ov ds sekond wer wid Grat Briten hs woz keld agen 
tu ds servis ov hiz kuntri. lis prossded, in ds winter ov 
1812, at ds hed ov twenti-fjv hundred voluntsrz, tu ds 
diiti as^nd him bj ds Jeneral Guvernment, ov dsfendii] ds 
loer Stats. lis dssended ds Ohjo and Misisipi tu Na^ez, 
hwq^r hs had bin instrukted tu wat furder orderz. 3s 
danjer ov a sudern inva5on bsii) dispeid, hs woz direkted 
tu disband hiz trcDps. 



ANDKOO JAKSON. 131 

Upon d^ komensment ov de Krek hostilitiz in 1813, 
de Ten ess Milifa wer agen musterd. It woz deteimind 
tu atak de Indianz in dq^r on kuntii. On de 1 06 ov Ok- 
tober, Jakson put hiz forsez in mofon. Informajon woz 
rssevd dat de Kreks wer ner de Ten Slandz on de K(Dsa 
River, in Jerjia. Jeneral Jakson sent a deta^ment ov 
hiz tr(Dps forward, ho), after a sarjgwinari fjt, defeted de 
Indianz : levirj wun hundred and ati ded on de feld, hwjl 
he met wid a los ov onli for men. 

In de beginir) ov 1814, anuder pqjti woz defeted at 
Imukfo; and in Mqjg Jeneral Jakson proseded tu de 
vilej ov Tohopeka, or Hors Eoo, on de Talap(Dsa, hwq,r a 
loij and desperet batl woz fot. 3e Indianz skrend dem- 
selvz behind a loi) rampart ov timberz and trurjks ov trez, 
direktig dqx unerii) f jr from a dubl ro ov port holz. 
3e fjt woz prolorjd from mornir) til midn^t. 3e Indianz 
left dq^r entrengment wid f^v hundred ov dqr w^oriorz ded 
on de feld. 

fi[e Indianz S(Dn siid for pes, and Jakson mqr^t hiz 
trcops homward. In an adres tu hiz trcops, on disbandig 
dem, he obzervd tu dem : "Widin a in daz, yco hav an^- 
hilated de p^er ov a najon, dat for twenti yerz haz bin 
de disturber of t^y pes." 

Hwil in de Indian kuntri engajd in negojiatir) a treti 



132 a:8 PREZroENTS. 

wid de Kreks, tm hwig diiti he had bin komijond bj de 
Jeneral Guvernment, he diskuverd dat de Indianz wer 
stil enkurejd and suported bj de Spanyardz in Florida, 
and dat a BritiJ ofiser woz permited tu erganjz and dril a 
bodi ov BritiJ soljerz and fnjitiv Kreks in Pensakola. 
Jakson remonstrated wid de SpaniJ Guvernor. Hiz 
remonstrans woz unhcded. Jakson suspekted a dezjn ov 
de BritiJ agenst Nu ^Grleanz. Anisnsir) de danjer tm de 
naboriij S.fcats, he dro) a suplj ov volunterz from Teness, 
and prosgded in person tu Mobel tu mak de defens ov 
dat po-nt. cle plas woz smn atakt b^ a BritiJ fors under 
Kurnel Nikolz, h(D woz repulst wid los. 

ae BritiJ retard tu Pensakola, den widin de SpaniJ 
dominyonz. Jakson had in van askt peimijon from de 
Jeneral Guvernment tu atak dis plas, bekez ov its v^ola- 
Jon ov de nutraliti lez in hctrborir) de BritiJ forsez. Not 
resevir) suq erderz he rezolvd tm tak de responsibiliti upon 
himself. He ezili subdiid de plas. 

Nil ^Grleanz n^ atrakted de atenjon ov Jakson, az de 
nekst probabl pornt tm hwig de eneijiz ov de BritiJ wmd 
be direkted. He arjvd at dat plas on de 1st ov Desember, 
1814, and imedietli endevord tm infiiz de degre ov alakriti 
and entiiziazm de okajon so h'dli demanded. (I grat 
port ov de inhabitants wer forenerz, and wer indiferent az 



i 



ANDRflO JAKSON. 133 

tm ds rszult ov de kontest; and he had grat difikulti in 
preventii] dem from aktyuali givir) asistans tu ds enemi. 
Hiz prinsipal dspendens, dq^rfor, woz upon de Kentuki 
and Teness trcops. cEs aprog tu de siti bj ds wa ov Lak 
Bom, woz imedietli fertifjd ; but ds smel naval fors sta- 
fond dq^r woz smn kompekl tu ysld. 3s bots wer kut up 
and dqic men wer takn priznerz. 

Jakson imprcDvd everi efort tu plas ds avsniiz ov ds 
siti in a stat ov defens. Hs n^ f^nd it n^sesari tu gord 
agenst ds foz widin. Hs had urjd ds Lejislatyiir ov 
Loosziana tm suspend ds privilej ov ds rit ov liabsus 
Kerpus. But ds slo akfon ov dat bodi dstermind him tu 
tak ds le intm hiz on handz. Hs dq^rfor proklamd ds 
siti tu bs under marjal I0; and hs superssded el sivil 
etoriti bj a rijid militari polss. 

On ds 22d ds BritiJ mad a landir), and rsgt de Misisipi, 
widin sevn mjlz ov ds siti. Jakson imsdietii mctr^t tu 
met dem. Lat in ds afterncon ov ds 23d an engajment 
tuk plas, hwiq rezulted in de repuls ov de enemi, oldo dq^r 
fors woz muq superior in numberz. Jakson suspended ds 
persist ov ds vaijkwift cpmi, and in ds dqrknes ov ds njt 
troo up a brestwurk in frunt ov hiz trmps. 3s ensmi did 
not imsdietii rsnii de atak, and bj ds 28fij Jakson iiad, 
wid immens labor, erekted a tolerabl dsfens agenst de 



134 38 PREZIDENTS. 

konstantli inkrcsiij fors ov dz invaderz. On dat da ds 
BritiJ aprcSqt, komdnded bj Ser Edward Pakenham him- 
self. At d^ distans ov hcif a mjl da opnd dqr fy, dis- 
^cirjiij kwontitiz ov buraz, belz, and kongi'ev rokets. 

It woz a sen ov teror tu ds undisiplind niilija ov Jak- 
son. But da bravli met it. cle Britif wer forst tu rctfr 
wid konsideral)! los. 3a agen mad preparajonz for an 
atak. On de 1st ov Janyiiari, after havir), under kuver 
ov a Levi fog, plast several bateriz widin a Jert distans ov 
de Amerikan Ijnz, da opnd a ti-emendus dis^qij ov ctrtil- 
eri and rokets ; but de f jr woz returud wid sug sukses, 
dat bj te oklok da wer sjlenst. 

On de 4f , Jaksonz cirmi woz reinforst bj de arjval ov 
tiD t^zand f jv hundred milija from Kentiiki. 3a wer 
veri badli ekwipt. Even mtDvmeut ov de BritiJ nis indi- 
kated preparajonz for a fjnal atak. On de 8B ov Janpiari 
de Amerilvan foi-sez am^nted tu siks t^zand tra)ps, qefli 
ineksperienst milija. 3e BritiJ forsez konsisted ov mor 
dan forteu t^zand veteranz and wel disiplind soljerz. 

At den ov de St de enemi advdnst in toy di^i5onz, 
komdnded bj Ser Edward Pakenham, asisted bj Jeneralz 
Ken and Gibz. Under kuver ov a fik fog, da apro^t 
widin a Jort distans ov de Amerikan entren(^ments befor 
da wer diskuverd. 3a wer den perse vd advdnsig in 



ANDRCD JAKSOy. 135 

koliimz ov siksti or sevnti dcp. Jaksonz trcDps, hto had 
bin awatiij dq^r advdns, gav tv^ CjHi'z, and instantli dc hoi 
Ijn ov ds^v wurks woz lited wid a Jet ov flam. 38 enemi 
in fmnt wer slan in heps. In de dis(5(xrj ov Amerikan 
musketri dqr woz no intermijon; it woz wun kontinyiid 
voli. cTc advdns ov de BritiJ woz ^ekt; stil sum ov doz 
brav men prest on, and siikseded in ganiij de di<5 in fmnt 
ov de Amerikan wurks, hwq^r da remand durig de akjon, 
and wer afterwardz mad priznerz. 

Hwen de BritiJ wer folteriij befcSr de unsesiij f jr pord 
upon dem, Ser Edward Pakenham rod in frunt tu mj 
dem on, but hiz egzdmpl woz ov Joi-t dura Jon ; he scon 
fel, mertali wionded. Jeneralz Gibz and Ken wer elso 
kaiid from de feld danjerusli wcDuded. clqr troops retreted ; 
Jeneral Lambeit endevord tu rali dem. Agen da wer 
led on tu de atak; but de sam destruktiv f^r mod d^'u 
dq^r kolumz az fast az da kud be fermd. H^ panik be- 
kam jeneral, and de (]ctrj ended in a presipitat fljt. 

Ded and d^iij stra)d de plan, and de piteus kr^z ov meni 
ov de sufererz wer haroir), Qfter sum dela, an armistis 
woz sjnd b^ Jeneral Lambert : de wconded wer den kon- 
vad from de feld, and de ded konfjded tu dqv kr^'ded 
sepulkerz. 3e BritiJ kild woz not les dan tco t^zand, 
besidz meni wcunded. cle los ov de Amerikanz did not 
eksed sevn kild and siks wconded. 



136 as PKEZIDENTS. 

Jaksoii dsmd it nesesari tm stil eksersjz ekstrem vijilans 
lest de enemi Jiid rskuver sum advdntej ; and de mor so 
on ak^nt ov de wont ov disiplin amurj hiz untrand trcops. 
Atemts wer stil mad bj serten rezidents ov Nu ''Grleanz tu 
kreat disafekjon amui) ds pepl and ds ormi. 

On d& 21st unofijal intelijens woz resevd ov a treti ov 
pes. Q publikafon woz mad in a Nu ^Giisanz nuzpaper 
kalkiilated tu imp^r de etoriti ov ds komdnder over hiz 
cprmi. He had de etor ov de ofensiv ctrtikl arested. (I 
lit ov Habeus Koi-pus woz ifud in behaf ov de person 
arested, bj Juj Hel, ov de Yunjted Stats Distrikt Kort. 
Insted ov anserir) de rit, Jakson arested de Juj and sent 
him from de siti. Tco daz dfterwcirdz a mesenjer arjvd 
an^nsii] de konklujon ov a treti ov pes bet wen Grat Briten 
and de Yun^ted Stats. Sus de dredful kamej ov de batl 
•ov Nil ^Grleanz transp^rd after aranjments had bin mad 
tu sekivr pes: and had dq^r bin de sam menz ov transmitii) 
intelijens den az n^, de grat los ov l^f on dat oka5on rajt 
hav bin avaded. 

Juj HgI beiij restord tu de eksersjz ov hiz jndifal furjk- 
jonz, impozd a f^n on Jeneral Jakson ov wun t^zand 
dolarz. cEe sitizenz ov Nu "Grleanz razd de sum bj vol- 
untari subskripjon. Jakson wud not aksept de proferd 
•donajon, but rekomended its apropriajon tu de widoz and 



ANDROD JAKSOK. 187 

erfanz ov doz hco had, diiriij ds ssj, feln in batl ) ds 
sujestyon woz imsdietli put in fors. 

Jeneral Jakson returnd tu hiz farm, hwq^r he remand 
until de end ov 1817, hwen he woz direkted tia prosed 
agenst de Seminol Indianz, hoo, emerjir) from de SpaniJ 
teritori, had komited repeted masakerz ov de Amerikanz 
on de frunterz. At de hed ov de Tenese volunterz, hcD 
wer afterwardz jernd bj de Jerjia milifci, he penetrated 
intii Florida, destrd-d de retri'ts ov de Indianz and fnjitiv 
slavz hcD had banded wid dem, and burnt dq^r vilejez. 
T(o Irjglijmen, HrbuBnot and Ambrister, wer arested bj 
Jaksonz order, and, bj a kort mcirjal, f^nd gilti ov eks^tii) 
and ledir) on de insurjents. In pursiians ov dq^r sentens, 
de former woz hui] and de later Jot. 

3e kors ov Jakson in de eksekiijon ov dez to) men, az 
wel az sum ov de uder akts ov hiz Ijf, haz bin senjiird, az 
havii] bin nedlesli sever, and involviij an asumf on ov p^er 
unworanted bj hiz ofioriti az a militari komdnder. Desi3on 
and enerji in akjon, wer prominent fetyiirz in de karakter 
ov Jakson. And, eldo &%x ma be d^t az tu de nesesiti 
ov partikyular akts, in hwiq doz karakteristiks wer egzib- 
ited prominentli, yet, takir) ol hiz publik akts tugeder, 
and vuir) dem in de Ijt ov imparjal histori, it kan not be 
d^ted, dat, az a soljer and az a statsman, hiz publik Ij^f 



138 38 PPtEZIDENTS. 

rsflekted grat onor upon hiz kuntri, and left him a nam 
hwic; wil ever stand prominent amur) de ©ef Majistrats ov 
3r Repiiblik. Amui) de akts hwiq keld ist ds strorjgest 
animadverfonz agenst him, woz dat ov proklamir) mqrjal 
le at Nn 'Grlsanz ; yet, at dis t^m, dqr kan be but f u ov 
^r kuntrimen hco wil sa dat de eksijensiz ov ds kas did 
not rekw^r it. 

Jakson returnd bom in Jun, 1818, haviij suksesfuli 
eksekiited hiz komijon agenst de Indianz. 

Ilwen de Floridaz wer seded bj Span tu de Yunjted 
Stats, Jakson woz apcented a komijoner tii resev de sejon, 
and tu akt az de ferst Guvernor ov de teritori. Havii) 
erganjzd de nu guvernment, he rezjnd hiz ofis. 

In 1823 he woz elekted tm de Senet ov de Yunjted 
Stats from Tenese. But havii] n^ bekum a prominent 
kandidat for de Prezidensi, he rez^nd hiz set in de Senet 
duriij de sekond yer ov hiz servis. cle rezult ov de pop- 
yillar elek{on ov 1824, gav Jeneral Jakson a pliiraliti ov 
elektoral vots, but not a majoriti. Sis plast de ^as in 
de H^s ov Reprezentativz. 3e elekjon in de H^s rezulted 
in de qo-s ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz. Jeneral Jakson woz at 
wuns nominated tu suksed Mr Adamz. cle elekjon in 
1828 rezulted in de ^ers ov Jeneral Jakson for Prezident, 
bj a Icuj majoriti. 3e qcts woz betwen him and Mr Adamz, 



ANDRO) JAKSON. 139 

ho) woz hiz onli kompetitor. In 1832, he woz reslekted 
bj an inkrcst majoriti over hiz oponents, Kla and Wert. 
Hiz administrajon woz distirjgwijt bj dat fermnes and 
independens hwig wer karakteristik ov hiz Ijf. 

At ds kloz ov hiz sekond term, hs retard tu hiz rezi- 
dens, " cTe Hermitej," on de Kumberland River, ner NaJ- 
vil, hwq^r he d^d, on de 86 ov Jim, 1845, at de aj ov 
sevnti-at ysrz. 

Amur) de prominent akts ov J(?neral Jaksonz adminis- 
trajon wer, hiz veto ov de bil propozii] tu etoriz a sub- 
skripjon ov stok, on de part ov de Jeneral Guvernment, 
in de Mazvil, Wojigton, Paris, and Leksirjton Turnp^k 
Kumpani, in Kentuki, komitnikated tu de li^s ov Rep- 
rezentativz Ma 27, 1830; — hiz veto ov de bil regcirteriij 
de Baijk ov de Yiinjted Stats, komiinikated tu de Senet 
JulJ 10, 1832; — hiz komunikajon tu hiz Kabinet in 
relajon tu de remmval ov de piiblik depoziLs from de Baijk 
ov de Yrmited Stats, September 18, 1833;— hiz veto ov 
de bil propozii) tu apropriat, for a Kmited tjm, de prosedz 
ov de salz ov de publik landz ov de Yimited Stats, and 
fer grantir) landz tu serten Stats, Desember4, 1833; — hiz 
protest agenst de rezoliijon ov de Senet, senjnrii) him for 
hiz remojval ov de publik depozits, komiinikated tu de 
Senet, april 17, 1834. 



140 as PREZIDENTS. 

cicz akjonz, el ov dem, met wid de unkwolif^d kondem- 
najon ov hiz politikal oponeiits, at de, tjm; but several ov 
dem at lest, gav a d8si3on tu publik me5iirz hwig de 
jeneral konsent ov de najon haz subsekwentli konfermd. 
Veri fii karakterz in Ameiikan histori wil kontinyu tu 
stand mor prominent dan dat ov de subjekt ov dis bj- 
ografi. 



^if) IJrtzihnt. 



MARTIN VAN BUREN. 

RRTIN VAN BUREN woz born at Kinderhuk, 
Kolumbia K^nti, Nii York, on de 56 da ov De- 
sember, 1782. Iliz fcider woz a fqrmer ov moderet menz. 
He woz dcsended from doz emigrants from Holand ho), 
at an erli period, setkl dat porjon ov de Stat. 

3e erli edyiikafon ov Martin woz limited. On ak^nt 
ov de smol menz ov liiz parents, he resevd no uder edyii- 
kajon dan dat obtand at de vilej Akademi, and dat pre- 
vius tu de aj ov forten. Yet he had, at dis erli aj, dis- 
pkid kwjit remctrkabl natyural p^erz, and de profejon ov 
de Lg had bin c;ozn for him, upon de preparatori studiz 
ov hwi(j he enterd on levii] de Akademi. 

At dat erli period he had evinst a stroi) pajon for eks- 

tempore spekir) and literari kompozijon. Diirii) hiz sevn 

yerz studi, preparatori tu hiz admijon tu de bar, he had 

143 



144 as PREZIDENTS. 

ampl oportiiuiti aforded him for ds kultivafon ov dez 
indispensabl rekwizits ov de loyer. Durig dis period he 
ofn had de manejment ov suts in de korts ov Justisez 
ov ds Pes. 38 jiirisdikjon ov dez korts in ds Stat ov 
Nil York at dis tjm ekstended tu kwestyonz involvii) a 
konsiderabl anient ov properti; and de pqrtiz, in ehnost 
even kas, had de rjt ov tr^al b^ juri. 

3e manejment ov kasez in dez popyular Korts ofn 
devolvd upon students, and aforded, in sum rcspekts, an 
admii'abl oportiiniti for de displa ov dq^r nolej and ds 
disiplin ov d^r talents. Wun remctrkabl displa ov de 
piyerz ov Mctrtin Van Biiren iz ofn aliided tu, bj jentlmen 
htD den rezjded in dat visiniti, hwen de yuij advokat, not 
yet siksten yerz ov aj, suksesfuli manejd a kas ov grat 
interest and konsiderabl importans, agenst an oponent htD 
woz den in ful praktis at de bar, and haz sins fild several 
responsibl publik ofisez. cle fiityur statsman woz den 
so smol ov statyur dat he woz plast upon a tabl tu adres 
de jiiri. 

Az a politijan he woz az prekofus az we hav sen him tu 
be az a loyer. At de erli aj ov aten, he woz deputed, b^ 
hwot wer den kold de Repubhkanz, tu reprczent hiz nativ 
t^n in de Konvenfon ov direktorz, tu nominat a kandi- 
dat for Reprezentativ tu de Stat Lejislatyur. He woz 



IvmRTIN VAN BUIIEX. 145 

ever after d:at a politijan, until wx f jnd him ©ef MajistiTit 
ov dc Yiin^ted Stats. 

tTc last yer ov hiz legal studiz woz spent in d& siti ov 
Nil York, in de ofis ov Wilyam P. Van Nes, den a Icdii) 
member ov ds Republikan parti in dat siti. Mr Van 
Biiren woz den introdust tu de notis ov ^ron Bur, at dat 
t^m V^s Prczident. Kumel Bur, b^ dz interest hs tiik in 
Mr Van Biiren, Jod an evident aprejiajon ov hiz ytDfiful 
talents. 

Upon Mr Van Biirenz admifon tu ds bar he returnd tu 
hiz nativ Kib'nti, hwq^r he formd a partner} ip in de praktis 
ov hiz profejon, wid de On. Jamz Van Alen. He her 
had tu kompet wid a kor ov legal jentlmen, amu]] de ferst 
loyerz ov de Stat. He so^n roz tu a pozijon not inferior 
tu uderz. In 1808, at de aj ov twenti-siks, he woz ad- 
mited tu praktis in de h^est korts ov de Stat. In 1815 
he woz apo-nted Aturni Jeneral ov de Stat, an ofis hwig 
he held f^v yerz, and de dutiz ov hwig he kondukted wid 
distir]gwijt abiliti. 

In 1812, he woz elekted a member ov de Stat Senet; 

life woz konsekwentli a member ov dat bodi duriij de period 

ov de lat wor wid Grat Briten. In hiz akjon in de Senet 

he gav hiz influens in favor ov de mesiirz ov de guvem- 

ment in sustanirj and kariiij on de wer. He woz in de 
10 



146 as PKEZIDENTS. 

Senet ov liiz Stat in 1820, and voted in favor ov de rezo- 
liljon ov dat bodi instruktii] dqy Senetorz, and rekwestii) 
dqy Reprczentativz in Koggres, tu opoz de admijon ov 
Mizoori az a slav Stat. 

In Febrcoari, 1821, Mr Van Biiren woz elekted tu ds 
Senet ov de Yiinjted Stats. Hs kontinyud in dis of is 
until, on de det ov De Wit Klinton in 1828, he woz elekted 
Guvernor ov de Stat ov Nil York. In de foloii) yer, 
1829, he woz ^ozn bj Jeneral Jakson, tu de h)^ of is ov 
Sekretari ov Stat ov de Yimited Stats. In 1831 he 
rezjnd dat ofis, and woz imedietli nominated bj de Prezi- 
dent az Minister tu Grat Briten. Hiz nominajon woz not 
konfernid bj de Senet, and he returnd from hiz mijon in 
de foloii] yer. Hiz rejekjon bj de Senet in dis kas iz sed 
tu hav bin on pcu^^i gr^ndz. 

On de reelekjon ov Jeneral Jakson tu de Prezidensi in 
1832, Mr Van Buren woz qozn Vjs Prezident. 

In 1836 he woz elekted Prezident ov de Yiin^ted Stats. 
Az Mr Van Biiren had bin a prominent leder ov de politi- 
kal parti hwig had supcSrted Jeneral Jakson, no ^anj in 
de jeneral polisi ov de guvernment tuk plas diiriij hiz 
administrajon. ScDn after hiz aksefon tu de Prezidensi 
de pekiiniari and komerjal distresez ov de kuntri regt an 
alcLimii) kqsis. Diirir) de munts ov Marg and CCpiil, 



J 



MHRTIN VAN BXiREN. 147 

1837, de falyurz in de siti ov Nu York alon am^nted tu 
nerli wun hundred milyonz ov dolarz. Se evil ekstended 
tra)^t A^ kuntri, and afekted everi brang ov trad and 
industri. 

Durig de administrafon ov Prezident Jakson, an order 
ov de Tre5iiri had bin ijud, direktig dat paments for 
d^ publik landz Jmd be mad in gold and silver. It woz 
belevd dat dis order had aded in de jeneral embarasment; 
and akordirjli petifonz wer sent tu ds Prezident far ds 
resindiij ov dis order. Se Prezident desjded agenst grantir) 
de rekwest ov de petifonerz. Tcd daz after dis d8si5on 
woz mad non, ol ov ds baijks in de siti ov Nu York 
suspended speje paments, and dis woz folod b^ a similar 
suspenfon on de pqrt ov de baijks inoj-st de kuntri. 

3lz pepl wer not de onli sufererz bj dis mesur ; for, 
az de baijks in hwig de fundz ov de Ytinjted Stats wer 
depozited had olso sest tu redem dq^r nots in speJe, de 
guvernment itself woz embarast, and woz unabl tm disgqrj 
its on obligajonz. 3e Prezident woz indiist, under dez 
serkumstansez, tu kel an ekstra sejon ov Koijgres, hwig 
met in September ov dat yer. CE bU woz past etor^zig 
de ifii ov Tre5iiri Nots tu de am^nt ov ten milyon 
dolarz. A bil kokl de "Sub-Tresuri BH," dezjnd for de 
saf kepig ov de fundz, and intended az de prominent 



148 as PREZIDENTS. 

mejur ov de sejon, woz dsfeted in de H^s ov Reprezen- 
tativz. 38 bil woz, h^ever, past diiriij de foloiij sejon. 

38 Prezidenjal elekjon ov 1840 woz probabli d8 most 
eksjtir) elekjon dat had ever oliilid in de Yun^ted Stats. 
3s oponents ov Mr Van Buren atribyixted &^ finanjal 
embarasments ov de kuntri tia de me5iirz ov biz adminis- 
trajon. He woz not rselekted. In 1841 hs retard tii biz 
horn in Kinderbmk. 

In 1844 biz imediet politikal frendz sot tm prokiir 
biz nominajon anuder tjm bj d^ Demokratik parti ; da 
wer, h^ever, unsuksesful ; bs woz no loijger regarded bj 
dat grat pctrti az an avalabl kandidat. 

In 1848 be aksepted ds nominajon ov dat parti ergan- 
jzd in opozijon tu de ekstenjon ov slaveri. 3is movment 
woz dekl4rd, bj doz ov biz former politikal frendz bco 
adberd tu de old Demokratik erganiz^Jon, tu bav bin 
diktated bj a dezfr on liiz pqrt tm defet de politikal hops 
ov doz individyualz hoy prevented biz nominajon bj biz 
pctrti in 1844. It had dat efekt; and in 1852 he agen . 
gav biz infliiens in suport ov de old Demokratik ergani- \ 
zajon, oldo it had not ganjd its polisi in regard tu slaveri 
ekstenjon. 

'Mx Van Buren spent de sprii] and sumer ov 1854 in 
travelir) in Yurop. 




hf) f rtzihnt. 



WILYAM HENRI HARISON. 

At ILYAM HENRI HARISON woz bern in Ver- 
W jinia, in ©qrlz Siti K^nti, on ds 96 ov Febrcoari, 
1773. He woz de 6erd and yuijgest sun ov Benjamin 
Haiison, wun ov dat band ov patriots hm gav immortal 
glori til d£[r namz bi sjnir) dem tii ds deklarajon ov bT 
libertiz in Inclependens Hel, in Filadelfia, on dc 4B ov JiilJ, 
1776. cTis woz tre yerz after ds berfi ov Wilyam Henri 
Harison ; hiz erli bo-hud woz el trcD revoliijonari t^mz ; hiz 
fqder woz a revoliijonari man, awa from hiz horn in ds 
servis ov hiz kiintri. 

Benjamin Harison woz a prominent member ov de Koij- 

gres ov -76. He had bin soKsited bj hiz frendz tu aM 

dem til urj hiz klamz for ds Prezidensi ov ds Koijgres, 

hv;ig ofis had bin vakated bj ds defi ov hiz briider-in-lo. 

Paton Randolf. But he modestli dekljnd in favor ov Jon 

151 



152 as PREZIDENTS. 

Hankok. 3is woz ds Jon Hankok hco, wid Samyuel 
Adamz, had bin eksepted from de jeneral pctrdn granted 
b^ Jorj ds Herd tu el hiz rebelyus subjekts in Amerika, 
h(D fud widdre from de kontest. Hiz woz a devoted bed. 
But be did not on dis ak^nt Jrigk from ekspo5iir in de 
frunt rai)k ov de rebelyon. Yet Mr Hankok modestii eks- 
prest a dezjr, after be bad bin qozn dat sum wun els, ov 
grater eksperiens and beter jujment, Jud bav de onor ov 
dat bj stajon. Mr Harison woz standig besjd bim, and 
wid de redi gud yumor bwiq rebjt a plezantri, evn in de 
Senet H^s, be sezd de modest kandidat in biz atletik armz, 
and plast bim in de Prezidenjal (^t\i ; den turniij tu sum 
ov de memberz standii] bj, be eksklamd, "We wil fo 
muder Briten b^ litl we kq^r for ber, bj makir) a Masagii- 
sets man ^r Prezident, boom Je baz ekskliided from poirdn 
h\ publik proldamafon." 

Benjamin Harison woz afterwardz Guvernor ov Verjinia, 
and gav biz eneijiz tu de revolujonari kez at a t^m bwen, 
in everi kolir), it rekw^rd men ov grat wizdom and patriotik 
zel tu kep up de spirits and invigorat de flagirj eneijiz ov 
de disbctrtnd pepl. 

Wilyam Henri Harison woz edyukated at Hamden 
Sidni Kolej. He inberited but litl from biz fq,der sav biz 
nobl egzdmpl, and a nam identif^d wid de grat stiiigl for 



WILYAM HENRI IIARISON. 153 

liberti. lis had hiz on fertyiin tu mak ; and Iie cpz ds 
medikal profefon, az wun ov yusfulnes and siited tu hiz 
tasts ; and wun in hwig he hopt tu akw^r an onorabl fam. 
He persiid hiz studiz wid grat industri, nerli tm dqic kom- 
pkjon, hwen, heriij ov de kr(Del snfemjz ov de frunter kol- 
onists from ds depredajonz ov de Indianz, he rezolvd tu 
giv up hiz profejon for dat ov a soljer. Se distiijgwijt 
Robert Moris, hco woz hiz frend and gcirdian sins hiz fctd- 
erz de% strorjli opozd de dezjr ov de y(bMul Harison tu 
serv hiz kuntri in dis wa. He belevd dat hiz talents and 
enerjiz wud beter serv de kez ov sjens and ov hiimaniti 
in de profejon he propozd n^ tu abandon. But de dezjr 
ov Harison predominated ; and he resevd a komijon from 
Prezident Wojiijton, tu jan de q.rmi ov St Klq^r. 

Mr Harison arjvd at Fort Wofiijton, in de far west wil- 
dernes, de veri plas hwr[r n^ standz de magnifisent siti 
ov Sinsinati; wid her komers and sivihzajon, her wq^rh^zez, 
her stembots, her rakodz, her Qurgez, and her komon-sk(Dl 
h^zez; — at dis plas Mr Harison a4vd just at de t^m hwen 
wer gaderd in, fer felter from de tomahek ov de mersiles 
savej, de Jaterd fragments ov St Klq^rz defeted armi. 
^. Hwot woz de kondijon ov de frunter ov de Nerfiwest at 
dat ^m, 

cle treti ov 1783 wid Grat Briten, had never stopt, or 



154 as PREZIDENTS. 

Evn ^ekt ds hostilitiz ov d? Indianz in dis kwerter. 38 
Britij emlsariz, hoDin de wiked polisi ov dat guvernment 
had emplo'd diirir) ds revohijon^ri wor tu insjt ds savejez 
tu dqr dedz ov murder and plunder, had never S8st dq^r 
nefarius operajonz. In defjans ov dat solemn treti, de 
Britij kontinyiid tm hold militari posts widin ^r aknolejd 
teritori; and dat fer no uder purpus dan tu aford d^r 
ajents beter oportnniti tu ster up d^r savej aljz tii doz 
dedz ov bind hwi^ fud prevent ds ekstenjon ov de koloniz 
over de bred feldz and rig valiz hwig de patriot Adamz 
had forst dem reluktantli tu giv up. S.a hopt tu kripl 
de grot ov de koloniz, Kijldr) da m^t yet be abl tu brig 
dem under dq^r p^er. 

cla akomplijt so mug ov dqr objekt az tu koz a seriez 
ov bludi akts hwig wil ever reman az a f^l blot upon ds 
histori ov Britij Guvernmental polisi. It iz estimated dat 
from 1783 tu 1790 fiften hundred men, wimen and gildren 
had bin kild or takn priznerz bj d& Indianz upon ds 
weterz ov de Oh^o onh; mor dan tcD tezand horsez wer 
stoln from de inhabitants; h^zez had bin burnt, feldz 
ravejd, bots pkmderd, and properti destro'd tu an unncSn 
amifnt. Stil de sethnents had gron, and de galant p^onerz 
had pujt on dq^r entei-prjzez wid undcinted intrepiditi. 

Everi efort, bj negojiajon, tu restor pes, and tu indus 



J 



WILYAM HENKI HAKISON. 165 

de Indianz tu la d^n de haget, had fald. Jeneral Ilarmer 
in hiz endevor tm subdii dem bj fors ov cirmz, had fald; 
and n^ ds veteran Jeneral ov de Revoliifon, Sant Klq^r, 
had bin defeted wid de galant band hoo had proniist ds 
koloniz so mu^. Ov dat devoted band upwardz ov lerti 
ofiserz, and mor dan a t^zand men, had foln under de 
tomahek and skalpir) knjf. 3is woz on de 4fi ov Novem- 
ber, 1791. 

cEs wurk ov subdiiir) dez wjldwmd weriorz, egztiltir) over 
di|r rcpeted viktoriz, prezented a feld w^d sniif tu kel forfi 
el de enerjiz and dq^rirj ov a host ov ycoWul soljerz l)k 
Harison. 3e winter woz setiij in hwen Ilarison arjvd at 
Fort Wojirjtonj and f^nd de sad stat ov af4rz elredi de- 
skr^bdj and sug wer de hq,rdjips tu be antisipated bj doz 
hco wer destind tu protekt de distant ^tposts ov de wilder- 
nes, dat de st^jtest hctrts m^t hav fald. Hanson, yur), 
slender, and apq^rentli fral, woz advjzd bj hiz komredz not 
tu enter dis servis, for hwicj hiz erli Ijf renderd him eltu- 
geder unfit. But he woz desjded. cle difikultiz ov de 
servis wer tu him but a mor uijent kel tu enk^nter dem. 

3e f erst diiti konfjded tu him woz tu komdnd an eskort 
haviij Qorj ov a tran ov pakhorsez b^nd for Fort Hamilton. 
c[is diiti, at dis t^m, woz wun ov grat peril, for a yot ov 
ninten. But he akwited himself wid so muq pra)dens, and 



156 38 PREZIDENTS. 

prOovd hiz jujment and abilitiz so wel, dat he elisited hj 
komenda{on from Jeneral Sant Klq^r. 

On ds 306 ov ETpril, 1793, Jeneral Wan arjvd at Foil; 
Wojiijton, wid a fors hwig he had bin disiplinir) fer ds 
servis durii) de previus yer. Harison woz qozn bj Wan 
az wun ov hiz £[d8kamps. In dis post he servd wid 
kredit, and lernt de art ov wer in a sever ska)L He hto 
folod de fiitsteps ov Mad Antoni, repozd not on bedz ov 
d^n, ner trod in pctdz strcod wid fberz. 

01 atemts tu tret wdd de Indian z havii] fald, on de 76 
ov Oktober, 1793, Wan brok up hiz kamp ner Fort Wof- 
iijton. On de 136 ov de sam mun^ he tiik a pozijon on 
de s^twest ferk ov de M^ami, at de plas hwq^r Grenvil niy 
standz, hw^q^r he bilt a fort. From dis pant, in Desember, 
he sent a detgqment ov troops tii de feld ov Sant Klq^rz 
defet, tu tak pozejon ov dat plas, and tm fertifj it. Sis 
enterprjz woz suksesfmliakomplijt; de bonz ov de unfert- 
yunet men ho) had foln dq^r wer kolekted and berid ; and 
sum pesez ov ctrtileri hwiq de enemi had never takn from 
de feld wer rekaptyurd. Harison akumpanid dis ekspedi jon, 
and fer de manor in hwig he akted hiz part at dis t^m he 
resevd de tai)ks ov Jeneral Wan. 

3e Indianz stil pretended tu dezjr tu negojiat a pes ; 
and Jeneral Wan, akerdii) tu hiz instrukfonz, resevd dqr 



WILYAM HENRI HARISON. 157 

overturz rcspektfmli, and submited termz tu dem. But 
da wer reali not at el inkl^nd tm pes ; and in de sumcr ov 
1794, de cinni ma)vd on. And so kejus and wel kon- 
dtikted wer its mcDvments dat q^r dc enemi wer aw4r, ds 
lejon ov Wan tiik up its pozijon at Gglaz, in de veri lictrt 
ov dq^r kuntri. cLis woz on de St ov Ggust. From dis 
pernt Wan rjts az foloz tm de Sekretari ov Wer : 

" cIuSj ser^ we liav gand pozefon ov de grand emporium 
ov de hostil Indianz in de West, wid^t los ov blud. fife 
veri ekstensiv and h^li kultivated feldz and gctrdenz f o de 
-wurk ov meni handz. 3e mctrjinz ov dez biitiful riverz, 
de M^ami ov de Laks, and Gglaz, aper l^k wun kontinyixd 
vilej fer a number ov mjlz abuv and belo dis plas : ner 
bav I ever befor behekl sug imens feklz ov kern in eni 
part ov AmerikU; from Kanada tu Florida." 

Her he bilt Fort Befl.sins; and den wuns mor oferd 
termz ov pes. 3e k^nsilz ov de savejez wer agenst pes. 
Wun distil] gwift ^ef alon, Litl Turtl^ advjzd hiz pepl tu 
aksept de overtnrz ov Wan. In dqr k^nsil on de njt 
previus tu de batl, he adrest dem in de foloiij laijgwej : 

'' We hav betn de enemi tw^s under separet komdnderz. 
We kan not ekspekt de sam gud fertyun tu atend us 
elwaz. ae Amerikanz qr n^ led bj a Gef ho) never sleps; 
de n^t and de da cir aljk tu him. And diirir) el de t^m 



158 as PREZIDENTS. 

hs haz bin mcircjir) upon ^r vilejez, notwidstandii) &^ woq- 
f nines ov ^r yur) men, we hav never bin abl tm surprjz 
him. Eiijk wel ov it. clq^r iz sumKi) hwisperz me it wil 
be prcDclent tm lisn tu hiz oferz ov pes." 

Wanz grat viktori woz a^evd on de 20B ov Ogust. It 
rezulted in de total defet ov de Indianz and dq^r Britij 
aljz in dat kwerter. S.qv los woz mor dan dubl dat ov 
de Yunjted Stats triBps. 3e wudz wer strcon wid de ded 
bodiz ov de Indianz, and dq^r hw^t ogzilyariz ; de later 
qjmd wid Britij muskets and baonets. 3e heti spirit ov 
de red men woz brokn ; da wer tot tu respekt and fer 
Amerikan qrmz, and tm d^t de p^er ov Briten tu protekt 
dem. On de ferst ov Janyiiari, 1795, da opnd a nego- 
Jiajon fer pes, and a treti woz fermd in akerdans wid dz 
termz ov Jeneral Wan. 

In de batl ov de 20B ov Ogust Harison tuk an aktiv 
pcirt, and hiz nam aperd amur) doz hoo resevd de espejal 
fiaijks ov de Komdnder in Gef, fer havitj "renderd de 
most esenjal servis bj komiinikatir) hiz orderz in everi 
direkjon, and, bj dqr kondukt and braveri, eksitii) de 
tr(Dps tm pres fer viktori." 

Scon after de kloz ov dis kampan Harison woz plast bj 
Wan in komdnd at Fort Wojiijton. 3is woz an important 
pernt ; and dis selekjon Joz h^ mug koufidens Wan repozd 



WILYAM HENRI HARISON. 159 

in de abilitiz ov hiz yug O^dekamp. Hwjl in komdnd at 
Fort Wojiijton Kapten Harison woz marid tii de deter ov 
Jon Klevz Simz, de fender ov de Mjami setlments. 3is 
ladi fatfuli Jq^rd de visisitudz ov hiz eventful l^f, and stil 
livz an onord remnant ov de hctrdi p^onerz ov de West. 

In 1797 Mr Harison wozapanted Sekretari ovde Nerfi- 
western Teritori; and in de foloii) yer he woz ^ozn de 
ferst delegat from de T^ritori tu Korjgres. 

At dis t^m de piibhk landz wer not sold in pcirselz ov 
les dan for t^zand akerz. Harison so dat dis skem wud 
rezult in bildii) up in de West an odius landed aristokrasi; 
dat de kultivator ov de sal, de man ov limited menz, wud 
be kompeld tu bj at sekond hand ov de spekyqlator ; and 
dat de sistem wud hav a veri injiirius efekt upon de grot 
and prosperiti ov de West. Mr Harison introdiist de 
subjekt tu de konsiderajon ov de H^s, and woz apanted 
©q^rman ov a komiti tu report a bil for de redukjon ov 
de am^nt tu purqeserz. Hiz bil, az reported, wud hav 
rediist de kwontiti from trakts ov for t^zand tu 320, and 
160 akerz. cEe bil, az past, fikst de am^nt at 640 and 
320 akerz. 3is ^anj in de mod ov salz ov de publik 
landz woz ov inkalkiilabl importans tu de western Stats 
and tu de kuntri. Se propozifon dus introdust b^ Mr 
Harison led tu de prezent liberal aranjments for de salz 
tu de setlerz on ^r vast publik doman. 



160 as PREZIDENTS. 

In 1801, Indiana Teritori woz organ^zd, and Mr Hari- 
son woz apanted its ferst Guvernor. Sis ofis inkliided 
dat ov Superintendent ov Indian x^f 4rz and Komijoner fer 
tretii] wici de Indianz ; and biz jiirisdikjon ekstended over 
de hoi ov de Nerfiwest Teritori, ekseptir) Ohjo, hwig had 
ms bin formd intii a Stat; and in 1805 Lcbcziana woz 
ata^t tu de Teritori ov Indiana. 38 ekstent ov teritori 
and de serkumstans dat de setlments wer wjdli skaterd 
mad ds diitiz ov dis ofis ekstremli ardiius ; but da wer 
performd wid ent^r satisfakfon tu de guvernment, and wid 
grat l^edit tu Mr Harison. Hiz diitiz in de manejment 
ov de Indian af^rz rekwjrd grat takt and prcodens, kwolitiz 
hwig de mimerus tretiz hwiq he eksckiited wid doz ra)d 
and werl^k pepl, az wel az de ekstensiv korespondens hwig 
he kondukted wid de Jeneral Guvernment, |o dat he 
pozest in a hj degre. 

Abi^t de yer 1806, de makinajonz ov Tektimsa and hiz 
bruder deProfet komenst tu Jo dq^r efekt upon de herder 
tr^bz. 3ez bruderz belorjd tia de Eene trjb; and da 
klamd fer dat trjb a superior wizdom and nolej over el 
uder pepl ; da wer de pekulyar favorits ov de Grat Spuit, 
hco had komijond dem tu be de delivererz ov de red men 
from de enkroc^ments ov de hated hwjt ras. 3a went 
from tr^b tu trjb, emplair) even art tu indiis dq^r deluded 



WILYAM HENEI HAKISON. 161 

pepl til de belef dat it woz in dqr p^er, and for d^r inter- 
ests, hi wun yimited efort ov el, tu eksterminat de hwjts 
from de ent^r kimtri west ov de Alegani m^ntenz. 

Giivernor Hanson, in 1808, fermd a treti at Fort Wan, 
fer de ekstigkjon ov de Indian t^tl tii a Iqrj trakt ov ten- 
tori ov hwig de Mjamiz wer de real onerz, but tu hwig 
sevend uder tr^bz mad klam. Tu prevent difikulti, doz 
tqbz wer mad partiz tu de treti, and da resevd a porjon 
ov de kompensajon. Se Xenez had no iltful klam tu 
de teritori, and wer not inkluded in de treti. Se Profet, 
eldo unotorizd bj hiz tr^b tu do) so, klamd dat injustis 
had bin dun de Eenez in de treti, and mad dis hiz eks- 
kiis fer provokii) hostilitiz. Jeneral Hanson sent a mes- 
enjer tu him infermiij him dat he mjt kum ferward and 
egzibit hiz pretenfonz, and if da wer reali f^nd tu be just 
er ekwitabl, de landz wud be restord er an ampl ekwiva- 
lent givn fer dem. Hiz bruder, Tekumsa, woz sent tu 
Guvernor Haiison fer dat purpus. ^^But," sez Harison, 
" fcir from beii) abl tu Jo eni kulor ov klam, eder fer him- 
self er eni ov hiz foloerz, hiz objekjonz tu de treti wer 
konf Jnd tu de aserjon, dat el de landz ov de kontinent 
wer de komon properti ov el de tr^bz, and dat no sal ov 

eni pcirt kud be valid wid^t de konsent ov el 

[He had de insolens tu dekl4r, dat bj de aknolejment ov 



162 as PREZIDENTS. j 

dat prinsipl alon kud ds ef6kts ov liiz rezentrwi: be 

avcfded." ' ^ 

It woz on de okajon ov dis interYU wid Tekumsa at I 
Vinsenz dat Harison gav an admirabl eksibijon ov dat 
k(J)l and unfUnqirj kiirej for liwiq he woz distiijgwijt. 
Ilavir) no fa^ in TekumsO; de Guvernor direkted dat he^ 
Jud not brii] wid him mor dan ^orti woriorz ; but he kam 
wid for hundred, komplstli armd. ^e Indianz wer invited ' 
tu sets hwig had bin pr8p4rd fer de purpus infrunt ov de 
Guvernorz h^s. Tekumsa refiizd; he dez^rd dat de k^nsil 
fud be held under sum tixz at sum distans from de h3S. . 
Hwen it woz objekted dat it wud be trublsum tm remmv ' 
de sets, he replid, dat " It wud onU be nesesari tu remmv 
doz intended fer de hwits-dat de red men wer akustomd! 
tu sit upon de erB, hwig woz d^r muder, and dat da wer, 
-olwaz hapi tu reld^n upon her buzom." 

Hwen de Indian orator, in hiz speg at de k^nsil, dekL^rd ij 
dat de red pepl wer wun famili, dat da held dc^r landz m^ 
komon, and dat no tr^b kud sel eni teritori widit de kou- 
sent ov el, Guvernor Harison repl^d, dat ''^e hwit pepl, 
hwen da arjvd upon dis kontinent, had f^nd de Miamiz. 
in de okyiipajon ov el de kuntri ov de Wobaf; and at 
dat tjm de Eenez wer rezidents ov Joijia, from hwiQ' 
kuntri da had bin dimi bi de Kreks. Sat he had pur-. 



WILYAM HENRI IIARISON. 163 

^er j^p landz from de Miamiz^ hco wer ds trco, de orijinal 
onerz . it. 3at de Indiauz wor not wun najon ; or els 
ds Gmt Spirit wud not hav put siks diferent tugz in d^r 
hedz, but wud hav tot dem ol tu spsk de sam laijgwej. 
SCat ds Eonez had no r^t tii kum from a distant kuntri, 
tu kontrol de Mjamiz in de dispozal ov dq^r on properti." 
cEe interpreter had skq^rsli finijt de eksplanafon ov dez 
remarks, hwen Tekumsa fersli eksklamd, " It iz fels," and 
givir) a signal tu hiz woriorz, da sprai) tu dq^r fet, and 
sezd dq^r wor klubz. cEe Guvcrnor woz atended onli bj 
a fii sitizenz, hoy wer unctrmd; hiz gcird had bin direkted 
tu retjr tu a mor Jaded spot, at sum distans. cTe Guver- 
nor fermli aroz, plast hiz hand upon hiz sord, and dkekted 
hiz frendz hcD wer standig ab^t tu be on dq^r gcird. Te- 
kumsa adrest de Indianz in a pajonet ton, and wid vjolent 
jestikyiilafonz. Se Guvernorz gcird arjvd imedietli, and 
,0l ekspekted a bludi enk^nter. Harison den kamli, but 
iboldli adrest Tekumsa, telii) him dat "He woz a bad man 
— dat he wud hav no furder tok wid him — dat he must 
return n^ tu hiz kamp, and tak liiz depqrtyur from de 
setlments imedietli." On de foloirj da, h^ever, Tekumsa 
havir) apolojjzd for hiz tregerus kondukt, de Guvernor 
konsented tu met him agen in k^nsil ; but no beter termz 
wer prezented bj de Indianz, and de konferens woz aban- 
dond. 



164 38 PREZIDENTS. 

Jiistis til ds red man, hb^ever, rekw^rz dat, 8Vii in dis 
bref skec;, in hwig Q,r notist sum ov ds deliijz ov Harison 
wid dat pepl, and in hwi^ he ever akted wid de humaniti 
ov a jenerus hcirt, de roi)z hwiq da siiferd at &£ handz ov 
ds liw|t man fud not be entjrli overliikt. Ignorant aljk, 
az da kan not but be, ov dq^r 4ts and dq^r diitiz ; madud 
konstantli bj de fpwoter, hwic; unprinsipkl men kud not 
ht restrand from givii) dem ; robd bj leles hwjt men ov 
-de gam ov dqr forests, it iz not surpr^zig dat da Jud fel 
dat da had roijz demdndii) redres, h^ever unf^^nded ma 
liav bin dqr klam tu partikyukir porjonz ov teritori. 

cle bed kwerterz ov de werljk Indianz woz at de Profets 
t^n, on de Wobaf, ner de m^fi ov de Tipekano). From 
dis pmit, in 1811, marodig pcirtiz rovd, mor frekwentli 
dan befor, tordz de sethnents ; da bad herd ov de ner 
;apr6g ov wer betwen de Yixn^ted Stats and Grat Briten. . 
Q number ov murderz wer komited on de frunterz ov Hin^ 
and Indiana. 3e Guvernor pkist de Teritori in a stat ov 
defens: and he woz soon after, at hiz on ernest instans, and 
de repeted petijonz ov de pepl, direkted bj de Prezident tu 
anflov wid an ctraid f ors tordz de Profets t^n. But he woz ; 
at de sam t^m imperativli komdnded tm avad hostilitiz, . 
'*^ov even k^nd, er tu eni degre, not indispensabli rekwird.'" 

It woz unfei-tyunet dat hiz diskre|on woz dus hmited ; ; 



i 



WILYAM HENRI HAEISON. 165 

it kompeld him tu go forward intu an ensmiz kuntri wid- 
it de privilej ov (jojziij biz on mod ov operajonz ; he had 
ferst til wat for sug akts on de pqrt ov ds Indianz az wud 
bs sufijent tu konvins d& guvernment dat hostilitiz on hiz 
part wer mdispensabli rekw^rd. 

Wid de utmost kojon da mcirgt forward, until he f^nd 
hiz htl band ov p^onerz enkampt elmost widin gun-Jot ov 
de Profet and hiz weriorz, ho), makirj werl^k demonstrajonz 
at ferst, sug az konvinst Harison dat it woz hiz diiti tu 
atak dem, finali (]anjd dq^r mojvments, and deklq^rig dat 
da had bin misunderstud, sent mesenjerz ov pes and rekon- 
siliajon. Harison woz b^nd bj hiz erderz tu lisn tu dez 
av^alz ov frendjip. So orderig hiz men tu slep on dq^r 
armz, he let de n^t ov de 6fi ov November, 1811, Jut in, 
determind tu awat de event ov it. For oklok kam on 
de nekst mornii), and el woz kwjet in de Amerikan kamp. 
Harison had rizn from hiz k^c;, had kwjetli givn erderz 
tu hiz ofiserz tu prep4r for de dutiz ov de da ; de orderli 
drum had elredi bin ar^zd fer de reval; hwen sudenli 
everi soljer woz bret tu hiz fet, wid musket in hiz gi'asp, 
bj de fendij pel ov de savej werha^p. cTe treqerus fo had 
krept so ner tu de sentriz az tu her dem ^alenj hwen 
rslevd; da intended tu ruj upon and kil dem befor da 
kud f^r ; but a siijgl Indian woz diskuverd, krepiij in de 
gras, and woz f^rd upon. 



166 as PEEZIDENTS. 

Instantli (h dedli str^f komenst el alog de Ijii ov de 
Amerikan enkampment. Even soljer tuk hiz plas in ds 
raijks, and fet bravli az if he had bin stajond tii hiz ormz 
metiij ds fo on de opn batl-feld. 3e enemi wer unpre- 
p4vd fer sug a resepjon. eta ekspekted tu kompletli sur- 
prjz and ezili defet de slepig qmii. But^ Ijk Wan, Harison 
never slept hvven Aajiians rskwjrd wogfulnes. 3q,r woz 
konsiderabl sloter on bofi sjdz, but de Indianz wer kom- 
pletli repulst, and kompeld tu fie befor de dedli f^r ov de 
hw^t men. 

3e hi sens entertand h] guvernment ov de impertans 
ov dis viktQri, iz eksprest in a mesej from Prezident Mad- 
ison till Koijgres, dated Desember 18, 1811, az foloz: 

" Hw^l it iz depli tu be lamented dat so meni vaiyiiabl 
l^vz hav bin lost, in de akjon hwic^ tuk plas on de 9B ult., 
Koijgres wil se wid satisf akjon de dcintles spirit and ferti- 
tiid viktoriusli displad bj everi deskripjon ov trcops engajd, 
az wel az de kolekted fermnes hwig distiijgwijt dq^r kom- 
dnder, on an oka5on rekw^riij de utmost egzerjon ov valor 
and disiplin." 

On de 186 ov Jun, 1812, wer woz dskl4rd agenst Grat 
Biiten. cTe Indianz hcD had bin kept in e ov de hw^t man 
sins de b:itl ov Tipekancij, agen tuk up de tomahek. 
Harison woz keld bj de guvernment tu de komdnd ov ds 



WILYAM HENRI HARISON. 167 

Nertw^stern ctrmi. Musterir) d^ forsez ov Kentuki, Ohjo, 
and India na, erli in September, hs arivd in de vali ov ds 
Mjami, ds Mjami ov de Laks, hwq^r he had bin wid Wan 
in de glorius agevments ov aten yerz befor. 3en he had 
left a subdiid and feln enemi in dis vali. N^ he had dat 
enemi tm rekoijker ; stregfiend az da wer bj el de menz 
ov werf q^r in de p^er ov Briten tu plas in dq^r bludi handz. 
Hul had givn up Detr^t tm de BritiJ and d^r savej aljz ; 
and n^ dis entjr frunter woz ekspozd tm de depredafonz 
ov de viktorius fo. But firco de wjz jeneraljip ov Hari- 
son, and de braveri ov hiz trcops, dez advdntejez ov de 
enemi wer el gand bak. Meni brav men fel at de River 
Razin, at Fort Megz, and at Fort Mjami ; but de enemi 
wer f jnali drivn bak intm de Briti} dominyonz, hwq^r, at 
de River Tamz, Harison agevd de most brilyant viktori, 
pmtig an end tm de wer in dat kwerter. 3e ^ef, Tekumsa, 
woz kild, and de entjr Britif ormi woz kaptyurd, wid de 
eksepjon ov a fu ofiserz hot) eskapt wid dq^r Jeneral, Prok- 
tor. Harison scon after retjrd from militari servis. 

In 181 6j Jeneral Harison woz elekted a member ov de 
H^s ov Reprezentativz in Korjgres from Oh^o; and in 
1824 he woz gozn a member ov de Senet ov de Yiinjted 
Stats, ais ofis he fUd wid distirjgwijt abiliti. In 1828 
he woz apanted Minister Plenipotenjiari tm de Republik 
ov Kolumbia. 



...^ 



168 * 38 PREZIDENTS. 

On hiz return from S^t Amerika, he retjrd from publik 
Ijf, until, in 1840, he woz elekted Prezident ov de Yiinjted 
Stats. On de 46 ov ^Tpril, 1841, just wun munfi from 
de da ov hiz inegurafon; he d|d, in de Prezidenfal man- 
fon. Hiz remanz slep on de barjks ov de Ohio, kuverd 
bj a butiful m^nd, hwig iz po-nted ^t tii de pasenjer from 
de dek ov de Stembot pasig up er d^n dat nobl, majestik 
river. 

\ 



Ji 



•nT 



CeuJD f re^iknt. 



JON T*LER. 

JON T^LER woz born in ©arlz Siti, Veijiiiia, Mqrq 
20, 1790. Iliz ansestorz trast bak dq^r orijin tu ds 
famiis Wot Tjjer, hco heded an insurekfon agenst Ri(]ard 
ds Sekond, and lost hiz l^f hwjl f jtir) fer de pepl. Hiz 
fader tiik part in de Revoliijon, and woz a werm frend 
ov Jeferson, Patrik Henri, and Edmund Randolf. 

From (}ildhiid Jon Tjler woz a luver ov biiks and stiidi, 
and at de aj ov twelv ycrz enterd Wilyam and Mari Kolej, 
liwq^r he gradyiiated at ds aj ov sevntsn. At njnten he 
woz admited tii de praktis ov de lo, wid^t eni kwestyon 
bcii] askt him az tu hiz aj; ds rool did not admit mjnorz 
tu praktis. He woz imedietli siiksesful : widin trs munts 
from hiz admijon tu ds bar hs had a patronej ekwal tu 

dat ov an ekspsrienst leyer. 

171 



172 as PREZIDENTS. 

At ds aj ov twenti-wun lis woz qozn a member ov de 
H^s ov Dekgats ov Veijinia, hwq,r hs S(DIi foci himself tu 
be an abl and redi debater. He woz elekted tm dis ofis 
fer f jv suksesiv yerz, on wun okagon haviij resevd el de 
vots kast in de k^nti but fjv ; and subsekwentli in a Koij- 
grejonal elekjon, he resevd, over a distiijgwijt kompetitor, 
el de vots in de k^nti eksept wun. It iz belevd dat sug 
distil) gwijt onorz, at so erli an aj, hav not bin konferd 
upon eni uder ov ?jr publik men. 

In de lat wer wid Grat Briten, hwen de Britif forsez 
wer in Gesapek Ba, tretniij an atak upon Nerfok and 
Rigmond, fer de defens ov doz plasez Mr Tjler razd a 
volunter kumpani. 3e BritiJ flet, h^ever, widdrto, and de 
forsez ov Mr Tjler wer not keld intu akfon. 

In 1816 he woz (^ozn a member ov de Egzekyutiv 
K^nsil ov Verjinia, an ofis konferii) hj distiijkjon, its 
diitiz beii] doz ov imediet k^nselor and advjzer ov de 
©ef Majistrat. In November ov de sam yer, he woz 
elekted tu Korjgres, beii) den but twenti-siks yerz ov aj. 
ais elekjon beig onli tu fil a vakansi, in de foloii] Mctrq 
he woz reelekted bj a Icirj majoriti. But befor de kloz ov 
de ferst sejon after hiz reelekjon il hel6 kompeld Mr T^ler 
tm rezjn hiz set in Koi)gres, and return tu privet Ijf and 
tu de praktis ov hiz profejon, hwig hiz publik dutiz had 
kompeld him tu neglekt. 



JON T^ELER. 173 

In 1825 Mr Tiler woz elekted Giivernor ov Yerjiiiia. 
He woz elekted tu de sam ofis fer a sekond term, befor 
de ekspirafon ov hwig he woz elekted tin de Yunited Stats 
Senet. Diirii) a porjon ov hiz servis in de Senet lie woz 
onord wid de hj ofis ov Prezident ov dat bodi, an ofis 
komprehended in de dutiz ov de V^s Prezident ov de 
Yunited Stats. In Febro)ari, 1836, Mr Tger rez^nd Mz 
set in de Senet. 

In 1840, he woz nominated fer Vis Prezident on de 
tiket wid Jeneral Harison, and elekted. K& defi ov 
Prezident Harison, on de 4t ov april, 1841, just wun 
munl^ from de da ov hiz inegnrafon, left Mr Tiler Prezi- 
dent ov de Y^nnited Stats. 

Mr Tiler woz elekted tm de Vis Prezidensi az a kandi- 
dat ov de Hwig parti ; yet it aperz dat he had never givn 
hiz politikd suport tm several ov de ledii] doktrinz ov dat 
pcLrti, and az Prezident he opozd, and bi hiz veto defeted 
several mesnrz past bi a Hwig Koijgres. It woz mantand 
bi hiz frendz dat in dajiij so he akted perfektii in akordans 
wid de ledii] profejonz and praktisez ov hiz politikal lif. 
Amur) uder mesnrz hwig he defeted bi hiz veto, woz de 
bil fer de regqjter ov de Yimited Stats Baijk. ais, sins 
its veto bi Jeneral Jakson, had bekum pekulyarli a Hwig 
mesur ; and az de f inanjal embarasments hwig had af likted 



174 as PREZIDENTS. 

ds kuntii diirii-) dc administrajon ov JMi" Van Buren had 
bin atribyuted bj ds Hwig pctrti tu de kloziij ov ds Yiinjted 
Stats Baijk, and tu de finanjal me^iirz ov de Demokratik 
pcirti adopted in In ov ds Baijk, ds akjon ov Mr T^ler woz 
regarded bj ds parti hoo had slekted him, az a betraal ov 
konfidenSj and ov ds interests ov hiz kiintii. But ds 
eror ov ds hoi mater ssmz tu hav bin in ds slekjon ov a 
Vjs Prezident hcoz poUtiks wer not in harmoni wid doz ov 
ds Prezident and ds parti h(D slekted him. It iz a setld 
prinsipl ov konstitujonal le,dat ds Konstitiifon, in konferii) 
ds vsto p^er upon ds Prezident^ maks it hiz diiti tu 
eksersjz dat p^er hwenever hs ssz dat a bil iz unkonsti- 
trijonal. And in ds eksersjz ov ds diiti konferd upon him, 
Mr Tper ssmz tu hav bin guvernd h\ dat s^nd doktrin, 
eksprest bj Jeneral Jakson, dat "Cc; publik ofiser hco 
taks an ot tu suport ds Konstitujon, swq^rz dat hs wil 
suport it az hs understandz it, and not az it iz understud 
bi uderz." 

Diirii] ds last ysr ov Mr T^lerz administrajon, ds aneks- 
ajon ov Teksas tuk plas, and konsiderabl eks^tment egz- 
isted fircD^t ds kuntri groir) ^t ov ds ajitafon ov ds meg- 
iir. cIs anti-slaveri parti, and ds Nor 6 jenerali, opozd it. 
3s Lejislatyiirz ov Nil York, Vermont, Masagiisets, and 
Oh^o kold upon Koijgres tu rsjekt ds propozijon. 38 



JON TiLER. 175 

impolisi ov eks-tendir) -sr limits bj aksejon ov foren teritori ; 
de danjer ov wor wid Meksiko; dz enkurejment givn tu 
slaveri b^ ds aclmijon ov an adijonal slav Stat ; aiid de 
inkrss ov p^er dat de Sb'6 and sudern institiijonz wud 
dqrhl gan in de najonal k^nsilz, wer de gr^ndz ov opo- 
zijon tu de me3iir. cle suport hwig Mr T^ler gav tu 
dis mesur bret upon him de stror) kondemnajon ov de 
antislaveri porfon ov de Hwig parti. 

Up tu 1763 Span and Frans hekl disputed klaniz tu 
Teksas, b^ i^t ov diskuveri and kolonizafon. In 1TG3 
Frans seded tu Span dat porjon ov LcDCzimia west ov de 
Misisipi river ; and de konfliktiij Idamz ov de tco kuntriz 
tu de teritori ov Teksas wer, for a t^m, setld ; but in de 
yer 1800; Lcoeziana w^oz seded bak tu Frans, wid its wes- 
tern limits stil undef ^nd. Rre yerz later, de sam teritori 
ov LcTjeziana woz seded bj Fmns tu de Yiiujted Stats. 
3us de Yiin^ted Stats purc;est de klam ov Frans tu 
Teksas. 3is klam woz, h^ever, satisfjd in de treti ov 
1819, bj hwig Span seded tu de Yiin^ted Stats Cst and 
West Florida, and de adjasent jlandz. Se Yun^tod Stats, 
den, had no klam eksept hwot Je dei^^vd from Teksas 
herself. 

In 1812, Mozez Gstin, ov Duram, Konetikut, obt/tnd 
from de Meksikan Guvernment, den under Span, permijon 



176 ae PKEZIDENTS. 

tm plant a koloni in Teksas. 3s grant woz reniid tu 
Steven Ostin, sun ov ds fermer, in 1823, bj de revoliifon- 
ari guvernment : and a koloni woz komenst. In 1835, 
a le ov Meksiko woz past givii) grat enkurejment tu 
emigrafon from ds Yimjted Ststts; akerdirjli, from dis 
tjm emigrafon went on rapidli. 

Durii) ds administrajon ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz, and 
agen diirir) dat ov Jakson, 3r Guvernment mad propozi- 
Jonz tm Meksiko for ds purges ov Teksas. Ssz Ter 
rejekted; and ds polisi ov Meksiko enkurejig emigrajon 
woz ganjd tu prohibifon ; and ds kolonists wer afterwardz 
kept under a sistem ov miKtari survalans, ^t ov hmq grco 
ds wer ov Teksan indspendens. 

Mr Tiler gav biz signatnr tu ds bil aneksiij Teksas, on 
ds 1st da ov Marg, 1845, for daz befor dz ekspirajon ov 
biz term ov ofis. 

At ds ekspirajon ov ds term ov biz administrajon, Mr 
Tjler rstjrd tu biz estat nsr Wilyamzburg, Verjinia, bwq,r 
he stil rezjdz. 



ihM frezihnt. 



jaMZ NOKS POK. 

S ^MZ NOKS POK woz bern in Verjinia, in ds yer 

W 1795. Her hiz pq^rents rsz^ded until, in 1806, da 

remojvd wid dqv ten ^ildren, tm hwot woz den de nii Stat 

ov Tenese. 38 futyur Prezident woz at de tjm ov de{r 

remdoval, but elevn yerz ov aj ; Tenese bckam d^ plas 

ov hiz rezidens from (jildliud until he woz keld tu de 

Prezidenjal gq^r. In 1815 he enterd de Yuniversiti ov 

Nerfi Karoljnci; he grqdyufited in 1818, wid de hjest 

onorz ov hiz klas, beii) de best skolar bot in Matcmatiks 

and de Klasiks. 

Hs returnd tii Tenese and komenst de studi ov de Le, 

in de ofis ov Feliks Grundi, and woz adniited tu de bar 

in 1820. lis imedietli bekam a popyular and suksesful 

leyer, and in a veri |ort t|m komdnded a Icirj and lukra- 

tiv praktis. But he did not I013 kontinyii in de praktia 

179 



180 38 PREZIDENTS. 

ov biz profejon; in 1823 he woz elekted tu d^ Tenese 
Lejislatyur. 

Teness woz den de rezidens ov Jeneral Jakson, and 
Mr Pok bekam wun ov hiz erliest politikal and personal 
frendz ; hs woz wun ov doz hcD ferst sujested de nomina- 
Jon ov Jeneral Jakson fer ds Prezidensi. 

In 1825 Mr Pok woz elekted tii Korjgres^ hw^^r he at 
wiins dekl4rd himself a demokratik republikan ov de 
striktest order. c[e elekfon ov Prezident bj de H^s ov 
Reprezentativz, in 1824, had rezulted in de defet ov hiz 
frend, Jeneral Jakson. Mr Poks ferst speq in Koijgres 
woz in favor ov amendig de Konstitufon so az tu prevent 
de elekjon ov Prezident and Vjs Prezident bj de H^s, in 
eni event. 

BJ de abiliti hwig he displad on ol oka5onz, he smn 
bekam a prominent member ov de H^s, and after servig 
on several ov its most responsibl komitiz, he woz, in 1835, 
elekted tu de Spekerjip, a post hwiq he fild wid digniti 
and abiliti fer f ^v suksesiv yerz, resevir) upon hiz retjrment 
de yunanimus taijks ov de Hi^s. Diirir) hiz Spekerjip, 
in de stormi t)^mz ov Jaksonz and Van Burenz adminis- 
kajon, he egzibited a strer)^ and fors ov mj^nd hwiq gav 
him de tjtl ov "Yuij Hikori." 

In 1839; after seiTirj forten yerz in KorjgreS; Mr Pok 



i 



jaMZ NOKS POK. 181 

dekljnd a rsclekjon, and woz nominated fer Guvernor ov 
Tenescj and elekted. 

In 1841 lis retard tu prjvet l^f until 1844, hwen he 
rssevd d^ nominajon fer Prezident. Mr Pok had not bin 
spokn ov fer dis of is previiis tu de metir) ov de Konven- 
Jon hwig nominated him, and it gav jeneral surpr^z hoi^t 
de kuntii ; hiz selekjon bj hiz pctrti at dat t^ra, woz oiij 
tu de stat ov eks^tment in de kuntri groiij bt ov de sla- 
veri kwestyon, and de belef dat de individyiialz in de pqrti 
h(D had bin prominentli spokn ov fer de ofis wud not be 
avalabl kandidats. 3e kwestyon den befcjr de kantii 
mvolvir) de slaveri interests, woz dat ov de aneksajon ov 
Teksas, Mr Pok woz elekted; and Teksas woz anekst 
diirir) de sejon ov Korjgres hwig intervend betwen de t^ni 
ov hiz elekfon and hiz inegurajon. Mr Pok woz inegu- 
rated on de46 ov Mcirg, 1845. 

38 wer wid Meksiko gro) ^t ov de aneksajon ov Teksas; 
but d^r kan be no d^t dat de kors hwiq de administrajou 
ov Mr Pok persiid tordz Meksiko woz de imediet kez or 
hostilitiz. 3e wor ma hav bin jiistif jabl on de part ov de 
Yunited Stats, hwen jujd b^ aknolejd prinsiplz ov nafonal 
le ; stil, de erder ov Prezident Pok hwig oka^ond de mq,rQ 
ov Jeneral Talor akros de " disputed teritori," Ijir) betwen 
de Nwases and de Reogrand, tu Matamoras, de eksekujoa 



182 38 PREZIDENTS. 

ov hwig erder woz de imediet kez ov hostilitiz, ma wel be 
demd tu hav bin injiidijus in a najonal pernt ov vu, and 
morali unjustif jabl. 

3at m(Dvment ov ^r trcjops, eldo ^r guvernment ma 
hav had a legal rjt tm direkt it, kan hctrdli be supozd tu 
hav bin tet nesesari fer de defens ov Teksas, and beig 
serten tii produs hostil kolison, it Jod dat de polisi ov ^r 
guvernment, az egzibited in de erder ov de Prezident tu 
Jeneral Talor, woz not merli defensiv, but dat it woz 
^gresori — dat de guvernment not onli fod no dispozifon 
tu avo'd a wer, but dat it aktyuali korted it; — and hwen 
in konekjon wid dez serkumstansez, and wid de manor in 
hwig de wer woz karid on, we konsider de weknes ov 
Meksiko, and dat we entertand no fer ov de reztilts ov 
her tretnd inva5on ov Teksas, de prezumjon iz stror) 
dat de guvernment, eldo justif^ii) itself on de bred gr^nd 
ov najonal rjt, stU korted de wer wid a vu tu konkwest 

On de 2d ov Febrcoari, 1848, de termz ov de treti ov 
pes wer agred upon at GedalcDp Hjdalgo, ner de Siti ov 
Meksiko, bj de Amerikan komijonerz and de Guvernment 
ov Meksiko. Bj dis treti Uper Kalifernia and Nu Meks- 
iko wer seded tu de Yunited Stats, fer hwig ^r guvern- 
ment agred tu pa Meksiko fiften milyonz ov dolarz, and 
asiimd de pament ov el dots du Amerikan sitizenz from 
.de Meksikan guvernment. 



jaMZ NOKS POK. 183 

38 trsti met wid stror) opozijon in de Yunjted Stats 
Senetj on wjdli diferent gr^ndz. It woz klamd on de wun 
hand, dat de teritori akw^rd konstitiited no adekwat indem- 
niti fer de wer ; dat we Jud hav demanded mor, and dat 
we wer disonord in takir) so litl. On de uder hand, ds 
wer woz held tu hav bin unjust in its orijin on ^r pctrt, 
and de tentorial dismemberment ov Meksiko woz stigma- 
tjzd az roberi. 3e subjekt ov kontroversi dat had bin 
keld up yerz befor bj de propozd aneksafon ov Teksas — 
de inkres ov sudern p^er and influens in ^r najonal k^n- 
silz, and de danjerz tu be aprehended from de spirit ov 
tentorial agrandjzment, hwig elredi hwisperd ov de akwi- 
zijon, at sum fiityur da, ov Yukatan, de hoi ov Meksiko, 
de jland ov Kiiba, de Sandwig O^landz, and evn Kanada 
— ^wer n^ ajitated ami "firm^t de Ynnyon, and wid inkrest 
akrimoni ov felig. 

Hwen de f jnal ratifikajon ov de treti had plast a vast 
ekstent ov seded teritori irevokabli in ^r handz, dq^r aroz 
a stil mor eks^tir) kwestyon, — dat woz, de teritorial slav 
kwestyon, — a kwestyon dat had bin lad aslep, it woz tet, 
forever, h\ de " Miza)ri Kompromjz," but hwig n^ agen 
-Bretnd, in its rezults, tu Jak de Ynnyon tu its veri senter. 
3e Nerfi demanded dat teritori, fre from slaveri at de t^m 
ov its akwizijon, Jud forever reman so ; — asertir) dat sla- 



184 as PREZIDENTS. 

veri iz a lokal institujon — de kret}T.ir ov lol'd le — noir) 
no egzistens bEyond de jurisdikjon ov de le dat kreated 
it bj de siibverjon ov miMer and hier le, mor sakxed dan 
eni ov mer human enaktment. 

3e S^fi klamd de i^t ov her sitizenz tu an ekwal enja- 
ment, wid de Nerfi, ov de teiitori hwig woz de komon 
properti ov el de Stats ov de Yiinyon, and, konsekwentli, 
de r^t ov dqr sitizenz tu remcGv wid d£[r slavz — dq^r prop- 
erti — on tu eni landz purqest bj de komon tre5ur ov de 
Repubhk. cle pozifon asiimd b^ de Nert, wud prevent 
sudern planterz from emigratiij wid dq^r ^'properti" tu 
nu Meksiko, and Kalifernia : dat asiimd b^ de Ssfi wud 
giv up tu de dominyon ov slaveri and its konsekwensez, 
hundredz ov t^zandz ov skwqr m^lz ov teritoii n^ fre from 
its infliiensez. 3e setlment ov dis kwestyon woz left tu 
a subsekwent admin istrajon. 

Mr Poks Prezidenjal term eksp^rd on de 4t ov Mar^, 
1849, hwen he retard tu hiz rezidens in Tenese, hwqr, hiz 
helfc faliij rapidJi, he djcl on de 15t ov Jun foloii), in de 
fifti-forfi yer ov hiz aj. 



ZAKARI TaLOR. 



^AKARI T^LOR woz bern in Orenj K^nti, Verjinia, 
on de 24t da ov November, 1784. He woz dz 
sevnt Prezident ov ds Yunited Stats bern in Verjinia, 
hwiq baz bin termd de muder ov Prezidents. In de fol- 
oig sumer hiz fader rsmcfjvd tm Kentuki, just ten yerz 
after Danyel BcDn erekted de ferst log kabin in de Stat, 
at BcDnzburo; and sevn ycrz befor Kentuki woz admited 
intu de Yiinyon. 

Kentuki had elredi bekum non az de dqrk and bludi 
gr^nd; meni a hctrdi pjoner had, durir) de ten yerz presedig 
de removal ov de Talorz, feln under de tomahek ov de 
red man. An ugkl ov Zakari, hiz fqtderz bruder, hw^l 
engajd in survaiij de veri gr^nd hwq^r Lcoisvil n^ standz, 
woz kild bj Indianz ab^t dis t^m. 

187 



188 as PREZIDENTS. 

Zakariz fcider, Kurnel Ri(;artl Talor, setld ia Jeferson 
K^-nti, ab^t f jv milz from LcDisvil. Kumhj in pozejon ov 
a laij trakt ov land, az Ltoisvil aroz in welt and importans 
he bekam kwjt opyulent. Zakariz edyukajon woz kon- 
f^nd til de simplest branqez az da wer tet in ds bakwudz 
skcolz at dat tjm. Duriij hiz minoriti he remand at hiz 
fqderz horn, engajd in de okyiipajon ov a fctrmer, at hwig 
emplocment he wnrkt wid hiz on handz. 

In 1808 he resevd from Mr Jeferson, a komijon az 
Liitenant, in de Yiinjted Stats aniii, beig den in de twenti- 
forfi yer ov hiz aj. Hiz ferst aktyual trjal in militaii l^f 
woz in de wor ov 1812. He den held a Kaptenz komijon. 
On de brakii] ^t ov dat wer he woz plast in komdnd ov 
Fort Harison, a post on de WobaJ in Indiana. Sis woz a 
pmit mu(^ ekspozdj and Kapten Talor soon had hiz kurej 
and militari abilitiz put tu de test bj an enk^nter wid de 
Indianz. He had but fifti men at de Fort, and not wun 
hcif ov dem, -Brto siknes, wer abl tu perform eni diiti, hwen 
on de n^t ov de 4i) ov September, 1812, he woz atakt bj 
a larj foi's ov de Profets weriorz. At de ^tset ov de atgk 
de Indianz sukseded in setii) fjr txi wun ov de -^tbildigz. 
in hwi(5 woz de storii) rcBm. 3e i^r imedietli komiini- 
kated tu sum hwiski, and de flamz firetnd tu swep everi- 
tii) befor dem. cle men wer in desp4r5 tco ov de stroij- 



ZAKARI TaLOR. 189 

gest lept de pikets and fled. Talor ralid hiz men, konvinst 
dem dat de Fort mit yet be roskud from de flamz, and 
set dem tu iinra)fii] de bildigz adjasent tu de wun on fjr; 
wid dq^r woter bukets da s(on prevented de flamz from 
spiediij. In de men t^m. a stedi fjr woz kept up from de 
Fort hi a part ov de men. aus de Indianz wer kept of 
til daljt, hwen da retjrd. Onli tre men wer kild in de 
Fort, hw^l de los ov de enemi woz belevd tu be mug grater. 

ae braveri ov Talor in dis galant defens did not pas 
unnotist. Jeneral Hopkinz sed, in a leter tii de Guvernor 
ovKentuki: "Se ferm and elmost unparaleld defens ov 
Fort Harison, bj Kapten Zakari Talor, haz razd for him 
a fabrik ov karakter not tu be enhdnst bj yiiloji." Kz 
Prezident konferd upon him de tjtl ov Major bj brevet 
Major Talor woz engajd in de ekspedijon under Jeneral 
Hopkinz agenst de Profets t^n, and fer hiz servisez resevd 
de publik komendajonz ov hiz komdnder. He kontinyiid 
in de servis until de Idoz ov de wer, hwen, el promojonz 
mad diirig dat t^m havii) bin anuld, he trcD up hiz komijon 
and retjrd tu hiz fqrm in Kentuki. He woz, h^ever, widin 
a yer from hiz retjrment restord tu hizofis ov Major, hwen 
he reenterd de sems. From dis t^m he remand elmost 
konstanth in aktyual servis on de frunter and at de S^fi. 

In 1832, havig bin promoted tu de ragk ov Kurnel, 



190 as PREZIDENTS. 

he woz engajd in hwot iz non az de Blak Hek Wer. cEs 
Winebago Iiidianz, in Ilino- and Wiskonsin, had bin insjted 
tm hostilitiz ; da wer banded tngeder under ds selebrated 
^ef, Blak Hek. It iz sed dat, at d^ ^tset, da wer mor 
sind agenst dan sinir) ; dq^r landz wer enla'6(]t upon ; dq^r 
pepl had, sum ov dem, bin kild b^ bad hw^t men ; and 
hwen after da had ctrmd demselvz, Blak liok oferd termz 
ov pes, hiz flagz ov tro)S wer fjrd upon, and dq^r bq^rerz 
kild. Jeneral Skot had komdnd durii) de kampan. cfe 
Indianz fet for dq^r homz and dt\i prariz most desperetli, 
but wer f^nali oblyd tu yeld. cle kontest lasted firs 
munfis, hwen de intrepid Blak Hek woz kaptyurd. 

Kurnel Talor woz erderd, in 1836, tu r8p4r tu de set 
ov Wor in Florida. B^ a trsti mad in 1832, de Seminol 
Indianz had agred tu remcov beyond de Misisipi. 3a n^ 
dekl4rd dat, in dat treti da had bin defroded; and, under 
de brav Oseola, da tuk qrmz tu kontest dq^r r^t tu d^r 
homz, dq^r nativ evergladz. CI fors ov Yiinjted Stats 
trcops, ami^ntir) tu wun hundred and twelv men, had foha 
intu an ambuj and wer uterh destrad, wid de eksepjon ov 
tre wconded men, hcD alon eskapt tu tel de fat ov dq^r 
kompanyonz. clis woz de m^saker ov Dadz deta^ment, 
Desember 23, 1836. 

In Desember, 1837, Kurnel Talor resevd erderz from 



I 



ZAKARI TJETLOR. ISl 

Jeneral Jesup, hco had komdnd ov de anni in Florida, tu 
S£k ^t eni porjon ov de enemi, hwq^rever tii be hnd, and 
tu d8str(^ er kaptyur dq^r forsez. On ds 25B, wid a fors 
ov elevn hundred ofiserz and men he had penetrated too) 
de swomps from Fort Gardner tu de estern Jor ov Lak 
Oke^obe. clq^r it woz diskuverd dat a larj bodi ov de 
Seminolz wer awatig hiz aprog, konseld in a moras over- 
gron wid tel and densli taijgld gras. Taior dispozd hiz 
ormi in order ov batl, and advdnst. Cger for de akjon, 
hiz trcops hurid forward, but at de distans ov a kworter ov 
a mjl da enterd a w^d slu, hwig semd tu forbid furder 
progi-es. 3a wer kompeld tu abandon dq^r horsez, hwjl 
de men, berid tu dqr neks in de loi) taggld gras, and 
eirjkir) frekwentli tu dq^r wasts in sljm and woter, strugld 
on tu Qctrj de unsen fo. Sudenli de worhoop, de rjfl pel 
and de kraf ov armz stund dem ; de unerii) bulets ov de 
enemi swept d^n dq^r ragks. But da ralid and prest on, 
returnii) de f^r wid sertenti and vigor, and drjvii) de enemi 
befor dem until da had kompletli disperst and defeted dem. 
It woz imposibl tu asertan de los on de part ov de Indi- 
anz ; dat ov Talorz trcops woz sever, beii) wun hundred 
and twenti-for, kild and woonded. 

For dis servis Kurnel Talor resevd de -fiaijks ov de 
Prezident ; and he woz scan promoted tu de rarjk ov Brig- 



1^ as PKEZIDENTS. 

ader Jeneral bj brevet, and givn d^ ent^r komdnd ov de 
trcops in Florida ; Jeneral Jesup havir) bin relevd at hiz on 
dezjr. But de Seminolz wer stil unkorjkerd. 3a stil 
wer abl tu komit dqv depredajonz upon de inhabitants ; 
and after repeted ekspedijonz agenst dem, falig tu subdii 
denij at de kloz ov 1839, Guvernment determind tu akt 
mcrli on de defensiv, and tu konfjn 3r forsez tu de pro- 
tekjon ov de frunter. "Jeneral Talor," in de laijgwej ov 
de Sekretari ov Wer, *^ bj de zelus and intelijent dis^aij 
ov hiz dutiz, havir) givn satisfakjon tu de depctrtment," 
woz kontinyiid in komdnd. No event ov interest okurd 
in Jeneral Talorz militari Ijf for several yerz from dis 
dat. 

On de 1st ov iMarg, 1845, az fctr az de akjon ov ^r 
Guvernment woz rekwizit, Teksas woz anekst tu, and 
bekam a Stat oY, dis Yunyon ; and wid it kam de wer 
wid Meksiko. In de foloir) Ma, Jeneral Talor w^oz in- 
strukted bj de Sekretari ov Wer, tu hav de forsez under 
hiz komdnd, or hwig mjt be asjnd tu it, put intu de pozi- 
Jon hwq^r da mjt most promtli and efijentli akt in defens 
ov Teksas, in de event ov suq akJon bekumir) nesesari. 
3us woz de wer antisipated bj ^r guvernment. On de 
4fi ov Jiilji, a Konstitufonal Konvenfon ov Teksas, asented 
tu de termz ov aneksajon adopted bj de Yiinited Stats. 



ZAKARI TaLOR. I93 

Jeneral Talor had olredi biji erderd, on dis event takii) 
plas, tu prosed tu de western frunter ov Teksas, on, er 
ner de Reogrand. Meksiko had, firo) her niinisterz, re- 
petedli dekl4rd tu ^'v Guvernment, dat anekssijon wud be 
bj her regarded az a diklarajon ov wer. Ze had never 
aknolejd de indcpcndens ov Teksas, but stil klamd dat 
Stat az a porjon ov her teritori. 01 de m(Ovments ov zv 
Guvernment den wer in f iil ekspektajon ov wer. 

In Jul], Jeneral Talor set ^'t wid hiz forsez, and ar^vhj 
in Teksas establijt hiz hed kwerterz at Korpus Kristi. 
Negojiajonz wer held bj ^r Guvernment wi:t Meksiko— 
den in a stat ov revoliifon— but after konsiderabl dela 
da wer brokn of. On de 8B ov Metre;, 1846, Jeneral 
Talor tuk up hiz mcirc] for Matamoras, on de Reogrand. 
Arjvii) opozit Matamoras hwqv de Meksikanz wer stroi)li 
posted, he konstrukted a Fort and erekted bateriz kom- 
dndir) de t^n. His he namd Foii: Br^n. Havii] resevd 
infomafon ov an ekspekted atak on Pant Izabel, de 
okyupajon ov hwicj post bj de enemi wud 1 ut of h'z rein- 
forsments,he left a deta^ment in okyupajon ov Fort Br^n, 
us stroijli fortifjd, and wid de man bodi ov hiz urmi he 
proseded tu de defens ov Pernt Izabel. Sis woz on de 
1st ov Ma, 1846, and imedietli de Meksikan armi, under 
Jeneral Arista, krost de Reogrand, and mad an atak oii 
13 



194 as PREZIDENTS. 

P^ort Br^n, hwig da kept up wid grat spirit fer several 
daz. 3a konstrcod Jeneral Talorz mcDvment upon Pernt 
Izabel, intu a retret : da antisipated an ezi kaptyur ov 
Fort Br^n. But in dis da kwjt fald ; Jeneral Talor havii) 
Bekitrd de safti ov Pant Izabel, mctrgt agen tii de relef ov 
de brav trops h(D had held ^t agenst a gratli superior 
fors, and wid an inkonsiderabl los. 

On de sekond da ov de mctrg from Pent Izabel, de 86 
ov Ma, it woz diskuverd ab^t ncDn, dat de Meksikan fors 
had arad itself on de opozit sjd ov a prari, determind tu 
op6z d^r advdns. Jeneral Talor erderd a belt, gav hiz 
men an ^r tu rest and refrej demselvz from de weterz ov 
a kcol bruk hwig ran gurglir) aloi), and den advdnst tu 
met de fo, at lest tre tjmz hiz number. cCe rezult ov de 
batl ov Palo Alto, iz givn in Jeneral Talorz on bref 
dispag tu de Depctrtment : 

Hed Kworterz, Hrmi ov Okyupajon, ) 
Kamp at Pqlo Alto, Teksas, Ma 9, 1846. 1 
Ser: (D hav de onor tu report dat j woz met ner dis 
plas yesterda, on mj mcu'^ from Pant Izabel, bj de Meks- 
ikan forsez, and after an akjon ov ab^t f^v ^rz, dislojd 
dem from dq^r pozijon, and enkamt on de feld. 3'r 
QXtileri, konsistir) ov tco aten-p^nderz and tco Ijt bateriz, 
woz de qjm ^efli engajd, and tu de ekselent manor in 



ZAKARI TtlLOK 195 

hwig it woz maiKDverd and servd iz "sr sukses manli du. 
38 strei)^ ov ds ensmi iz belevd tu hav bin ab^t siks 
■fi^zand men, wid sevn pesez ov qrtileri, and at hundred 
kavalri. Hiz los iz probabli at lest wun hundred kild, 
"^r streijfi did not eksed, el told, twenti-tre hundred, hwjl 
"SI los woz komparativli trjflir) — for men kild, firs ofiserz 
and fierti-sevn men wconded, several ov ds later mertali. 
tP regret tii sa dat Major Rirjgold, 2d artileri, and Kapten 
Paj, 4fi infantri, ctr ssverli wconded. Liitenant Liffier, 2d 
qrtileri sl^tli so. 

3e ensmi haz feln bak, and it iz belevd repast ds river. 
tE hav advdnst pctrtiz n^ firon ferward in hiz direkjon, and 
Jal ma)V dz man bodi imedietli. 

In ds hast ov dis report, j kan onli sa dat ds ofiserz 
and men bshavd in ds most admirabl manor firco^t ds 
akfon. ^I Jal hav ds ple5iir ov makig a mor dstald 
report hwen doz ov ds diferent komdnderz fal bs rsssvd. 

G& am, Ser, veri rsspektfuli, ycor obsdient servant, 

Z. TaLOR, 
Brsvet Brigader Jeneral, Y. S. Hrmi komdndig. 
Tu ds Adjiitant Jeneral ov ds flrmi, Wojigton, D. K. 

It woz f^nd upon mor akyuret report dat dq,r wer ov 
ds Amerikanz n^n kild, and ferti-for woonded ; and ov ds 
Meksikanz tco hundred wer kild, and ab^t for hundred 



196 ae PREZIDENTS. 

wcDiided. 3is woz a most desjsiv batl, and gav ds 
Yiinited Stats trcops grat konfidens. 

On de foloiij morniij Jeneral Talor advdnst tu agen 
engaj de n^ retretir) cirmi. lie kam up wid dem at tre 
oklok in de ctfternjcon, hwq^r da had mad a stand in an 
advantajus pozijpn. «. 3a had bin reinf orst, and n^ num- 
berd at kst sevn t^zand men. Jeneral Talor had not 
over sevntcn hundred men in de engaj ment. 3e deft't 
ov de Meksikanz woz komplet. lit pesez ov cirtileri wer 
takn, wid a grat kwontiti oy amyiinijon, tre standardz, 
and wun hundred priznerz ; amui] hcom w^oz Jeneral Lci 
VegCL, and several uder ofiserz. So total woz dq^r r^t, 
dao el dq^r kamp kontand woz kaptyurd. Se plat and 
prjvet properti, korespondens ov dq,r Jeneral in ©ef, de 
qrmz^ amyunijon, provi^onz, paksadlz, and even ekwipment 
ov sevn t^zand men, and tcD t^zand hersez, sav hwot da 
wor in dqr presipitat fljt, fel intii de handz ov de viktorz. 
aq^r Ids in kildj wojnded and misii), kud not hav bin les 
dan wun fezand. 3at ov de Yunjted Stats trtops woz 
wun hundred and ten, kild and wujnded. 

clus rezulted de batl ov Resaka de let Pcima. 3le 
enemi did not ses dq^r fl^t til da f^'nd demselvz saf on de 
opozit s^d ov de Reo grand. So presipitat woz dq^r retret 
dat meni perijt in krosii) de river. On de 18fi, Jeneral 



ZAKARI TaLOR. 197 

Talor krost de river, and tuk pozejon ov Matamoras, Jen- 
eral Arista and his armi havig fled from de siti. Jeneral 
Talor remand her wid hiz armi until September, menhw^l 
resevir) from ds Prezident ds apocntment ov Major Jeneral. 

On de devnfi ov Ma, 1846, Prezident Pok an^nst tu 
Korjgres dat hostilitiz had aktyq,ali bin homenst hi MeJcs- 
iko. To) daz afterwardz, an Akt woz past b^ Koijgres, 
ds preambl ov hwiq d8ld4rd a stat ov wer tu egzist, "b^ 
de akt ov ds Rspublik ov Meksiko," and ds ferst sekjon 
ov hwi(3 apropriated ten milyonz ov dolarz, and emp^erd 
&z Prezident tii aksept ds servisez ov fifti t^zand volun- 
terz for ds armi. ^s aserjon dat ds wer komenst bj akt 
ov Meksiko met wid stroi) opozijon ; but, ds wer bsii) n^ 
saT)k|ondbi Koi)gres,ds Prezident ijud hiz proklamajon 
kelir) on ds kuntri tu ad ds me5iirz fer kariii) it on. 

Jeneral Talor, havir) rsssvd proper miinijonz and rsin- 
forsments, on ds 5^ ov September set ^t wid siks -fi^zand 
siks hundred and twenti men, tordz Montera, hwq^r hs 
arjvd on ds 20i Hs f^nd ds siti stroijli fertifjd, and 
dsf ended b^ a fors ov 8,000 regyular tra)ps, bssjd 
milifa and armd sitizenz. Had Meksikan ofiserz and 
soljerz pozest wun haf ds valor ov ds Amerikan voluntsrz, 
ds plas kmd never hav bin kaptynrd b^ ds fors ov Jeneral 
Talor. after a ssj ov trs daz, persiid wid a vigor and 



198 a:8 PREZIDENTS. 

braveri unparaleld in de histori ov Amerikan ctrmz, on d^ 
24t ov September dz siti kapityiilated. cTe Amerikan 
loS woz wun hundred and fifti-at kikl, and tre hundred 
and njnti-to) winded; de Meksikan los woz notasertand, 
but woz belevd tu eksed dat ov ds Amerikanz. 

Jeneral Talor den advdnst a part ov hiz soljerz tu Sql- 
telyo. Her he woz forst tu mak a stand, az hiz cti^mi had 
bin sumhwot rediist tu reinfors Jeneral Skot in hiz atak 
upon Vara KrcBZ. Santa Ana had returnd tu Meksiko 
from hiz banijment, and had bin elekted Prezident. In 
Janyuari, Jeneral Talor resevd infermajon dat Santa Ana 
woz apro^ii) wid a p^erful q,rmi agenst him. He imedieth 
prep4rd tu met de Meksikan ©ef, and on ds 31st, he sat 
^t fer Montera wid de man bodi ov hiz armi ; and on de 
7fi ov Febrooari he enkamt at flgwa Nwava, twenti m^lz 
s^fiovSciltelyOjhwq^r he remand until de 21st, hwen he fel 
bak widin at mjlzovSctltelyo,hwq^r he posted hiz forsez in 
a defjl ov de m^jntenz, ner de hasienda ov Bwana Vista. 
Her he awated de aprog ov de enemi. 3e Meksikan ctrmi 
mad its aperans on de mernig ov de 22d ; da mad an 
atak on de evnii) ov dat da ; but litl woz akomplijt, his- 
ever, on eder s^d. On de mernii) ov de 23d de batl kom- 
enst wid grat vigor on de part ov bot anniz, and kontin- 
yud firco^t de hoi da. Dnrir) ds njt de Meksikanz retreted 



ZAKARI TaLOR. 199 

and did not rcnii d^ atak ; dz viktori ov Jeneral Talor 
woz komplet. 

Santa Ana, at dz batl ov Bwana Vista, had a fors ov 
twenti fi^zand men ; Jeneral Talor had abit for tezand 
fjv hundred — litl mor dan wun-forfi de number ov de 
Meksikanz. 3i3 woz a most remctrkabl viktori. 3e 
Amerikan los woz to) hundred and siksti-sevn kild, and 
for hundred and fifti-siks wcDnded; de Meksikanz left mor 
dan f)v hundred ded on de feld, and dq^r los eltugeder, 
inkliidir) de wtDnded, kud not hav bin les dan fiften hun- 
dred. 

ais woz de last important batl in de nerdern pai-t or 
Meksiko. 3[e brilyant viktoriz ov Jeneral Talor had 
givn him grat popyulariti Broo^t de kuntri ; g1, no mater 
hwot wer dq^r opinyonz az tu de justis ov de wor, yiinjt-ed 
in givii) Jeneral Talor de h^est praz fer de boldnes, vigor, 
and hiimaniti wid hwig he had karid it on. Befor hiz 
return from Meksiko he had bin kwestyond az tu hiz 
politikal sentiments, wid a vii tu hiz nominajon fer de 
Prezidensi. He repljd dat he woz not a poHtiJan, dat he 
had never voted in hiz l^f, but dat, had he dun so he Jud 
hav voted for de Hwig kandidat at de previus elekjon. 
In 1848 de Hwig pq,rti aksepted him az an avalabl kan- 
didat: and he woz elekted b^ a veri Icirj majoriti over Jen- 



200 0:8 PREZIDENTS, 

cral Kas. He woz inegiirated on ds 4 b ov Mctrg, 1849. \} 
He djd on ds 96 ov Jiilj, 1850, befor de kloz ov de ferst 
sejon ov Korjgres after hiz inegurajon. 3.^ kwestyon ov jj 

Slaveri in de nil teritoriz akw^rd from Meksiko bj de wor, ^ 
woz ajitated diiriij dis seJon befor hiz de% but woz not ^ 
des^ded til after dat event. It woz belevd dat hiz opinyonz 
favord de Nerfi rader dan de S^t on dat kwestyon. 



MILQUD FILMOR. 



ILaRD FILMOR woz bern at Sumer HU, Kaynga 
K^nti, Nn Yerk, Janyuari 7, 1800. Her, at an 
erli aj, hs atended de distrikt skcDl, hwig woz, at dat t^m, 
a veri pmr kjnd ov sko)! inded. Hiz edyukajon at skcol 
did not ekstend beyond a veri limited nolej ov dz simplest 
branqez ov an IggliJ edyukajon. But liiz edyukafon did 
not stop hwen he sest atendir) skml ; at de aj ov fiften he 
woz set tm lern de trad ov a talor, at hwig he wurkt for 
yerz, and duriT) dis period he most dilijentli imprajvd hiz 
spq^r t^m in redii) from a smel l^brari in de vilej. 

Hiz fader, hto woz a fciimer in kwjt Hmited serkum- 
stansez, remcuvd in 1819, tia Grora, Cri K^nti, hwq^r he 
stil rezjdz, kultivatii) a farm ov moderet dimenfonz, and 
livir) in a st^l not mor pretendiij dan iz komon tu de for- 

203 



204 ae PREZIDENTS. 

merz ov dat prosperus distrikt. Milard did not remcfev 
wid hiz fctderz famili. 

Ab^t dis t^nij at de aj ov njntsn, hs mad de akwantans 
ov Juj Wud, ov Kajiiga K^'iiti ; hm. perssvii) dat de 
yui) man pozest talents hwig kiid be emplad fer beter pur- 
pusez, for hiz on advdntej, at lest, dan in stigig bredklot, 
inditst him tu studi Le, and jenerusli engajd tii be hiz in- 
struktor. He remand in Juj Wudz ofis ab^t to) yerz, 
studiii) wid dat industii and perseverans, hwig hav ever 
mcu'kt hiz kors. Diiiii] dis t^m he tet sk(ol in de winter 
munts tu proved for hiz ekspensez az fqr az posibl. 

In 1822 he enterd a Le ofis at Bufalo, and spent a yer 
in studiii) and te^ij, hwen he woz admited tu de Bctr, and 
remcDvd tu Grora, de rezidens ov hiz fader, tu komens 
de praktis ov hiz profejon. Several yerz wer n^ empld-d 
in dilijent legal studi, and in de limited praktis ov a kuntri 
t^n. 

In 1829 he woz elekted tu de Lejislatyur ov Nil Yerk, 
a pozijon hwig he held tre yerz. Ab^t dis tjm he remcovd 
tu Bufalo. In 1832 he woz elekted a member ov deli^s 
ov Reprezentativz in Koijgres. In 1836 he woz agen 
elekted tu dis ofis ; haviij ohedi establijt a hj repyntajon 
fer industri and abiliti. He woz reelekted tu de nekst 
Koijgres, and apernted tu de responsibl pozijon ov €^q,rman 



MILQRD FILMOR. 205 

ov de Komiti on Waz and Menz. He disqctrjd de diitiz 
ov dis post wid grat kredit. 

In 1844 he woz ds kandidat ov de Hwig parti in Nu 
Yerk fer Guvernor. clis elekjon reziilted in de defet ov 
Mr. Filmor bj dat popyulor Demokrat, S^las R^t. 

In 1848 he woz elekted V^s Prezident; and on de defi 
ov Jeneral Talor, on de 96 da ov Juli, 1850, Mr Filmor 
sukssded tu de of is ov Prezident ov de Yunjted Stats. 

ae kwestyon ov de dispozijon ov de teritoriz akwjrd 
from Meksiko bj de wer, wid referens tu de introdukjon 
er eksklii3on ov Slaveri dq^rfrom, had bin a subjekt ov 
serius kontenfon sins its akwjrment. Se Ner6, wid 
unyeldii) fermnes, rejekted eni kompromjz ov human r^ts 
fer de interests ov Slaveri; and de S^fi, wid a zei bljnded 
tu de konsekwensez, proklamd her rjt tu iutrodiis her 
properti intu de publik doman, and dekl^rd her intenjon 
tu adher tu dis klam evn tu de alter nativ ov disyixnyon. 
ais kwestyon woz yet unsetld at de komensment ov Mr 
Filmorz administrajon. 

Durii] de kanvas hwi^ reziilted in de elekjon ov Mr Fil- 
mor tu de Vjs Prezidensi, hiz klamz wer uijd partikyii- 
larli az a reprezentativ ov de Nerdern sentiments on de 
tentorial Slav kwestyon. It woz ekspekted, den, dat hiz 
influens wud be egzerted in favor ov de ekskliison ov 



206 as PEEZIDENTS. 

Slaveri from de teritoriz. cioz ho) had voted fer him on 
dis gr^'nd wer dq^rfor disapanted hwen he gav his adherens 
til de Kompromjz Akts ov 1850. 3oz akts inkliided de 
Fujitiv Slav Akt^ de Akt permitir) de introdukfon ov 
Slaveri intu doz teritoriz, but provjdir) dat, on de asumjon 
ov Stat guvernment, de pepl mjt prohibit Slaveri. 

In 1854 Mr Filmor retjird tu privet l^f. Durir) de 
sumer ov 1854 he mad a tcor firm de sudern Stats, vizit- 
ir) most ov dq^r prinsipal sitiz, hwq^r he woz resevd wid 
eksprejonz ov grat respekt. 



I 



\ 



JfnrtenD Irezihnt 



FRAl^KLIN P8RS. 

^RATJKLIN PCRS woz bern at Hilzburo, in de Stat 
ov Nu Hampfer, on de 23d ov November, 1804. 
He woz dt sun ov Jeneral Benjamin Psrs, hm woz a soljer 
in de Revoliifonari War; enlistii) imsdietli after de batl ov 
Leksirjton, in 1775, he fet el de wa trco de strugl for 
independens, rizig from de rarjks tu de komdnd ov a kum- 
pani, until de disbandonment ov de troops in 1784. Durig 
de administrajon ov Jon Adamz he woz oferd a hj komdnd 
in de armi beirj razd in antisipafon ov a wer wid Frans; 
he woz opozd tii dat mejur, and dekl^nd de apo-ntmeni 
He bekam a Jeneral ofiser in de Nii Ilampjer milija ; and 
fild meni hj ofisez in de Stat guvernment, holdii) dat ov 
©ef Majistrat fer tco termz. 

Frarjldin Pers, in hiz bo"hud, woz distir)gwi|t fer hiz mjld 
and amiabl manerz, fer qrdent ata^ment tu hiz frendz, 
14 209 



210 *5^ as PREZIDENTS. 

and fer de jenyuiii trojMiilnes ov hiz karakter. lis enjo-d 
de best oportunitiz fer an edyukajon. Hiz fader, ha)Z 
edyukajon had bin veri limited, hwen, in manliud, he woz 
kokl intu piiblik i^f, and tu de dis(]cuj ov doz diitiz hwig 
kel fer de eksers^z ov de abilitiz ov de skolar, felt hwot 
a sad los he had sustand in not havig had de advdntejez 
ov a gud edyiikafon. He determind dat hiz sunz jud 
hav no okagon fer siig regrets. Frarjklin atended de 
Akademi at Ilankok, in hiz nativ Stat, and aftervvardz 
dat at Fransest^n. Se k^ndnes ov hiz natyur woz promi- 
nent in hiz interkors wid hiz skcolmats, hcD bekam ata^t 
til him. It iz related ov him at dis tjm, dat wun ov hiz 
kompanyonz older dan himself, but les advdnst in hiz 
studiz, findiij it hard tu kep up wid hiz Idas, Fraijklin, 
hvvjl de uder borz wer at pla, spent de nom reses, for meni 
weks tugeder, in adiij him in hiz lesonz. 

At de aj ov siksten he enterd Boden Kolej, in de Stat 
ov Man. Her he remand for yerz, gradyuatir) in 1824. 
Durii) wun ov hiz winter vakafonz, he tet a distrikt sko)! 
in de kuntri. 

Qfter levii] Kolej he enterd de Le ofis ov Levj Wudberi, 
ufterwardz Juj ov de Su[)rem Kort ov de Yunited Stats. 
cle last too yerz ov hiz legal studiz wer spent in Masagusets, 
hwq,r he atended de lektyurz ov de Le Sko)! at Nertamp- 



FRATJKLIN P8KS. 211 

ton. In 1827 he woz admited tu dt Bcir and koinenst dt 
praktis ov hiz profejon in hiz nativ t^n. Hiz ferst pro- 
fejonal efoi-t woz kw^t unsuksesful, mug tu de disapo-nt- 
ment ov hiz frcndz. But he woz not diskilrejd; de enerjia 
ov hiz karakter wer arszd, and he deklq^rd dat he wud 
" liv tu ctrgii kasez in dat kort in a manor dat wud mer- 
tifj nsder himself ner hiz frendz." He did bekum an emi- 
nent member ov hiz profejon. 

In 1829, he woz elekted a member ov de Stat Lejislat- 
yur; in hwi(] ofis he servd for yerz, de last tco ov hwig he 
woz Speker. He w^oz transferd from de Lejislatyur ov hia 
on Stat, in 1833, tu de H^s ov Reprczentativz in Korjgrea 
Her he bekam a worm personal frond ov Jeneral Jakson, 
az he had bin befor hiz zelus politikal suporter. Hwen 
elekted tu Korjgres he woz onli twenti-n^n yerz ov aj ; but 
bj hiz industri, and hiz unasiiraiij and afabl manerz he Sdja 
gand de konfidens and estem evn ov most ov hiz politi- 
kal oponents. 

In 1837 he woz elekted tu de Yiin^ted Stats Senet 
Her he bekam asojiated wid de most distirjgwijt men h(s 
hav ever dignif jd dat bodi ; and de sam kwoKtiz hwiq had 
givn him hj rai)k in de uder H^s ov Kor)gres, gand for 
him in de Senet ol de konsiderajon and respokt he had 
dq^r enjcrd. He did not serv ^t de ent|r term for hvvig ht 



212 38 PREZIDENTS. 

woz elekted; hs rezjnd hiz plas in de Senet in 1842, and 
retjrd tu dc praktis ov hiz profefon at Konkord, hwq^r he 
had remcDvd hiz famili in 1838. He n^ persiid hiz legal 
praktis wid mor distirjgwijt sukses dan ever, and soon 
akw^rd an ekstensiv patronej. In 1846, Prezident Pok 
proferd him de ofis ov Atiirni Jeneral ov de Yimjted Stats. 
His aperntment he dekljnd akseptir). 

In More;, 1847, Mr Pers resevd from Prezident Pok a 
komijon az Brigader Jeneral in de ctrmi ; wid erderz tu 
jan de reinforsment den beii) razd fer de ctrmi in Meksi- 
ko. Mr Pers felt no dispozifon tu deldjn dis aperntment ; 
de militari ardor hwic; had bin sterd in hiz vanz in hiz bcr- 
hud, bj de oft told talz ov hiz fctder, had not d^d ^t j and 
aproovig de objekts ov de wer az he did, he gladli obad 
hiz kuntriz kel, and egerli jornd in a servis hwig he demd 
wud promot her interests and onor. 

3e batlz ov Montera and Bwana Vista had bin fet; de 
man fors ov de cirmi had bin konsentrated under Jeneral 
Skot upon Vara Krcoz ; and de kapital ov de Montezu- 
maz woz yet tu be takn. Vara Krcoz kapityulated on 
de 27t ov Mcirg, 1847, and, on de 8fi ov ^pril de mqjg 
komenst fer de siti ov Meksiko. On de 18t Santa Ana 
woz f^nd posted on de h^ts ov Sero Gerdo ; he woz betn, 
te t^zand ov hiz soljerz takn priznerz ; and ferti-tre 
pesez ov artileri wer takn. 3e marc; woz reziimd. 



I 



FRATJKLIN PSES. , 213 

Jen era! Pers ar^vd at Vara Krcoz on de 27 B ov Jiin, 
and after an unckspukted and unavo-dabl dela ov ner tre 
weks set ^t wid hiz trtops tu reinfors Jeneral Skot. Hiz 
wa woz frekwentli obstnikted b^ Gerilaz, er h'l ambuskadz, 
barikadz, and ds destrukfon ov brijcz, hwig sumhwot 
retcuded hiz progres. But he regt de man cirmi at Pwabla, 
on ds 76 ov Ggust wid twenti-for hundred men, in fja 
erder, and wid^t de los ov a siijgl wagon ; in dis he woz 
mor forty unet dan uder detaqnients had bin. 

Jeneral Skot havir) n^ inkrest hiz fors tu nerli elevn 
t^zand men, komeust hiz mctrg from Pwabla tu de kapi- 
tal ov de Republik. B^ de 18 B ov Ggiist de armi had 
re^t San Ggiistin, ten m^lz from de siti, hwq^r aranjments 
wer mad for f|nal operajonz. On de 198 de ferst atak 
woz mad upon de stroi} fortifikajonz ov Kontraras. Jen- 
eral Persez komdnd woz erderd tu tak a lediij pqrt in dis 
atak. Pie egerli embrast de oportiiniti; presiij forward 
tu ds hed ov de kolum, over a ruged and elmost impasabl 
volkanik feld, brislir) wid pants ov roks, hiz hers, f.rustig 
hiz fut intu a krevis, fel, brakir) hiz on leg and krujiij hia 
rjder hevili bened him. Jeneral Pers woz karid, in an 
elmost unkonjus stat tu a plas ov sekiiriti. Haviij had 
hiz wa)ndz drest, and havig rekuverd hiz ful konjusnes, 
he bekam arjkjus tu rejdn hiz trcDps ; and, agenst ds 



314 as PREZIDENTS. 

remonstrans ov hiz siujon, hs woz asisted tu remint a 
hors hwig had bin prokiird, and hwig had lost hiz rider in 
de fit, and he rod fervvcird intii ds batl. N^t kam wid^t 
oni despv rezult in de atak on Kontraras. Sat n^t Jen- 
firal Pers had no repoz; it woz spent in ekskrcDJiatiij pan 
from de aksident he had resevd. 

Erli on de foloiij niernir), de atak woz reziimd, and 
Pers woz agen in de feld ; hiz komdnd okyupjd a pozijon 
in frunt ov de fertifikafon, tu divert de enemi from de 
real pent ov atak. cTe kamp woz stermd in de rer, and 
in de Jert spas ov sevnten minits, les dan for t^zand 
Amerikan trajps had kaptyiird de most formidabl entren^- 
ment, widin hwig wer posted sevn t^zand Meksikanz. 

3e Meksikanz agen mad a stand at ©eryiibusko. Jen • 
eral Pers havir) bin sent f er bj de Komdnder-in-©ef tu resev 
erderz, Jeneral Skot, diskuverii] hiz febl stat ov hel^, ime- 
dietli direkted him tu ret[r from duti ; but, at hiz urjent 
rekwest he woz slid tu agen tak hiz plas wid de besejerz ; 
but, hw[l ledir) on hiz kor, he fel, fant and elmost insensibl, 
widin fill ranj ov de eneniiz f[r. It woz propozd tu bq,r 
him of de feld ; but, az sum ov hiz soljerz apro^t tu Hft 
him., he bekam aw4r ov dq^r purpus, and besot dem tu let 
him reman hwq^r he woz ; and dq,r he la, under de ful f^r 
ov de enemi, until da wgr drivn from de feld. In de 



4 



FRAFilKLIN PCES. 215 

batiz ov de 20 B ov Ggust, n^n t^zsmd Amerikanz, asaliij 
strogli fortif^d pozifouz, \aijkwijt an q,rmi ov terti t^zancl 
Meksikanz. 

Santa Ana imedietli sent a flag ov tro)s, propozig an 
Ctrmistis, wid a vu tu negojiajonz fer pes, Jeneral Skot, 
in hopz ov avordig furder bludjed, apcrnted a komijon tu 
tret wid de Meksikan Jeneral. Jeneral Pers woz selekted 
az a member ov dis komijon. Qfter konsiderabl dela, it 
woz f^nd dat no termz kud be agred upon ; and on de 
8t ov September, militari operajonz wer reniid ; on dat da 
de batl ov Moleno del Ra woz fet. Jeneral Pers woz in 
dat batl and woz mug ekspozd tu de f jr ov de enemi. 

3e last batl ov de wer, dat ov ©apcoltapek, woz fet on 
de 136. On dat da Jeneral Pers woz unabl tu lev hi^ bed 
from sever ilnes. Diirig de n^t suksedii) dat bludi batl 
Santa Ana widdrcD hiz fors from de siti, and on de foloiij 
da de Amerikan flag floted over de ^' Ilelz ov de Monte- 
z4niaz." 

Jeneral Pers remand in Meksiko until Desember, hwen, 
az de wer woz over, and pes ab^t tu be konkliided, he 
returnd hom. after hiz arjval hom, hiz nativ Stat voted 
him a sord, in testimoni ov de aprobajon in hwig hiz 
servisez wer held. Az scon az de treti ov pes woz sjnd, he 
gav up hiz komifon in de orrni, and returnd tu de praktis 
ov hiz profejon. 



216 as PREZIDENTS. 

38 Demokratik Najonal Konvenjon at Beltimor, in Jun, 
1852, nominated Jencral Pers fer de Prezidensi. Hiz 
nam had not bin befor de kuntii for dat ofis previus tu 
de asemblii) ov dat Konvenjon. c[e Demokrasi ov hiz 
on Stat had konsulted him in referens tu de prezentajon 
ov hiz nam befor de Konvenjon, but he had eksprest hiz 
unkwoKf^d wij dat it Jiid not be dun ; and it woz not until 
de terti-siksfi balot dat hiz nam woz bret forward. It 
woz bj dis tjm evident dat no wun ov de personz hoo had 
bin prominent befor de pepl kud obtan de t(D-fierdz vot 
ov de Konvenjon ; de Verjinia deleg^Jon dq^rfor bret for- 
ward de nam ov Jeneral Pers az an avalabl kandidat ; 
he woz nominated on de ferti-njnfi balot. 

Mr Pers woz non tu be a form adherent ov de Kom- 
promjzez ov 1850 : hiz kors in regard tu de hoi subjekt 
ov Slaveri had elwaz bin konsistent ; he had elwaz bin a 
ferm opozer ov de mcovments ov de Anti-Slaveri er Fre 
Sal parti ; he had elwaz opozd de ajitajon ov de Slaveri 
kwestyon, and had elwaz favord doz megurz dez^nd tu 
konsiliat de S^t, and tu kwjet el tendensi tu fakjon in 
hiz pcirti. 3e vot ov Nil Hampjer haz elmost yiiniformli 
bin in suport ov de ekstrem me5urz ov de Demokratik 
pctrti. On de kwestyon ov de aneksajon ov Teksas, Jon 
P. Hal, a prominent member ov de H3S ov Reprezentativz, 



FRATiTKLIN P8RS. 217 

from dat Stat, voted in opozijon tu dat me5iir. For 
dis akt, de Demokrasi ov Nu Hampjer tet fit tu rejekt 
him from de pcxrti. Mr Hal imedietli bskam a kandidat 
for de Yixnjted Stats Senet. Mr Pers on dis okason 
egzerted himself strenyuiisli tu kep de pqtii^i laal tu its 
prinsiplz ; Mr. Hal, h^xver, woz elekted. 

3e Konvenfon hwig nominated Mr Pers, past rezolu 
Jonz endersig de Kompromizez ov 1850, ernestli kondemig 
el ajitajon ov de Slaveri kwestyon. In hiz leter ov 
akseptans ov de nominajon, Mr. Pers sed : 

" (B aksept de nominajon upon de platform adopted h'l 
de Konvenfon, not bekez dis iz ekspekted from me az a 
kandidat, but bekez de prinsiplz it embrasez komdnd de 
aprobajon ov m^ jujment; and wid dem, i belev j kan 
safli sa, dq,r haz bin no akt ov mj Ijf in konflikt." 

fl[e Konvenfon hwig nominated de opoziij kandidat, 
Jeneral Skot, plejd de Hwig parti elso tu de supoii: ov 
de prinsiplz ov de Kompromjz, and in opozifon tu el 
ajitafon; but amuij de wermest suporterz ov Jeneral 
Skot, wer ledig Anti-Slaveri Hwigz, doz hio in Koggres 
had opozd de Komprom jz me3urz. cEe remcirkabl rezult 
ov de elekfon, it iz belevd, woz du tu dat serkunistans. 
cle pepl had bin led tu belev dat de stabiliti ov de Yunyon 
depended upon de integriti ov doz Komprom^zez ; and 



218 as PREZIDENTS. 

upon de jeneral akwiesens in dem, and a diskontinyuans 
ov el Slaveii ajitajon. Jeneral Pers woz elekted bekoz 
he woz belevd tu beter reprezent dez sentiments dan hiz 
oponent. lis resevd de elektoral vots ov el ds Stats 
eksept for. 

38 administrajon ov de guvernment, in hiz handz, haz 
bin ferm; de r^ts ov ^r sitizenz, hwen jepard^zd b^ uder 
nafonz, hav bin nobli vindikated. No lak ov abiiiti haz 
bin Jon in eni akt ov de administrajon. Stil, grat disatis- 
fakjon haz bin felt bj a laij porjon ov de pepl ov de 
Nerdern Stats, and doz hto had rcl^d upon de Demo- 
kratik parti, and its Prezident, az opozd tu de ajitajon ov 
de subjekt ov Slaveri. B^ de propozijon tu repel de 
MizcDri Kompromiz Akt, de hoi feld ov Slaveri ajitajon 
woz agen opnd. clis propozijon w^oz submited b^ lediij 
suporterz ov de administrajon ; and it >voz non tu met 
wid de favor ov de Prezident. Se bil for de erganizajon 
ov de Kanzas and Nebraska teritoriz, haz bekum a lo, 
and bi it de fors ov de Mizmri Kompromiz Akt, hwi^ 
had bin a le sins de administrajon ov Prezident Adamz, 
iz ent^rli repeld. 

Diirir) de ferst sejon ov Koijgres under Mr Persez 
administrajon, he vetod de bil, dat onli neded hiz signatur 
tu bekum a lo, grantirj porjonz ov de publik iandz fer de 



FRATJKLIN P8RS. 219 

benefit ov Institiijonz for dz Insan ; hw^l at de sam tim 
h£ s^nd awa niilyonz ov akerz fer de bildig ov ralrodz, 
hvficj skemiij spekyulatorz qr dnyuali konvertii] intu prj^- 
vet weli He elso, at dz Idoz ov ds sam sejon, vetod de 
bil fer de Imprcovment ov Riverz and Hcuborz, tu de bene- 
fit ov internal navigafon, promisii) hiz reznz fer de sam 
at de nekst metir) ov Koggres. 

cte me^iir hwiq semz tm be de ambijon ov de prezent 
administrajon tu kari, iz de akwizijon ov de jland ov 
Kuba, fer de purpus net so mug ov "enlcirjiij de area ov 
fredom," az ov konvertir) a bostil nabor intu fraternal 
rclajonjip, and tu sekur hwotever ov wel^ and gudnes fe 
ma pozes fer de benefit ov de Yunited Stats. 

Hweder Mr Pers and hiz suport^erz Jal akomplij dis 
dezjr ov dqr hqrts, and bwot uder akts he ma favor er 
fnistrat, wil be subjekts for fiityiir rekord. 



4 



®- 



PHl)l!shed and Sold by Longley Brothers, Cincmnati, 0. 

THE SPELLING REFORM— Listituted to make universal education possi- 
ble, by rendering the arts of Reading and Writing pleasant and easy to acquire. 
Phonotypy is a rational system of spelling words as they are pronounced, 
by employing an enlarged alphabet containing a separate letter for each sound, 
by which mea«is the drudgery of learning to spell is entirely dispensed with, 
and learning to read is accomplished in one-fourth of the time required in the 
old way. Phonogeaphy is a truly philosophical method of writing the 
English Language, by an alphabet composed of the simplest geometrical signs, 
which accurately represent the sounds of spoken words. It may be wriften 
BIX times as fast as ordinary longhand, and is equally legible, and such is the 
simplicity of the art that its principles may be easily mastered even without the 
aid of a teacher. 



25 



The first price is that charged at the ccmnt^r; the sec^ond includes th4 
prepayment of postage; a liheral reduction hy the quantity. 

Phonotypic Works. 

Chart of the Phonotypic Alphabet, on a sheet 28 

by 42 inches, with explanations, 

The same, 36 by 50, with explanatory matter, and remarks on rbe 

acquisition of Goofl Reading, 50 54 

The same, on canvas and roller, 1_50 

Phonetic Primer, each letter illustrated with a 

letter suggestive of its sound, 10 H 

First Phonetic Reader, containing simple and in- 
teresting reading lessons, 20 25 

Y^itli fhcfie lool-s teachers and parerds can cf/mmenc^ a cri/rse (f 
I'hmetic instivctvn, in all c-vjidence that vtJier h.^Tce uill /(Alow 
as fast as they may he wanted. 

The Transition Reader, or a Course of Inductive 

Romanic Kea^ling Lesson-^. For the use of Phonetic R.-adcrs in 
learning to read Romauiially. 20—25 

Biographies of the Presidents, with their Portraite." 

In paper covers, SO— 35 ; in cloth, gilt lottcring, 40—43 

New Testament, 12mo. edition, according to the 

authorized version. In cloth, 75-^00; dark sheep. $85—1,00; mo- 
^ooco,gi\t, 11,25-1,40 



I LONGLEY BROTHERS LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, 

Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language; 

a complete worK of 800 C)Ctavo pages, embracing also lists of Classi- 
cal, Geographical jmd Scriptural Names, $3,50—4,00 

Pronouncing Medical Lexicon, the definitions in 

the commoTi Si elling. An invaluable companion to Medical Stu- 
dents', and readers of Physiological and Hygienic works. In cloth, 
75—85; black sheep, 85—1,00 

Money-Getting and Money-Spending; a Prize Es- 
say of twenty-four chapters; a serious and reformatory work. In 
paper, 25—30; cloth, 40—48 

Phonetic Almanac and Register of the Spelling 

and Writing Reform, together with a list of the American Phonetic 
Society, for tho years 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, and 1856, 10 

Phonetic Longhand Writer; exhibiting various 

styles of Penmanship, 10 — 11 

School Credit Tickets. — A handsome and useful 

form of Credit Tickets, in Phonetic dress. The Ticket is adapted 

for Primary and District Schools. Per hundred, 40 

Type of the Times; a journal of the Writing and 

Spelling Reform. Semi-monthly; — per year, in advance, $1,00 

The Youth's Friend; an elegant monthly paper, 

devoted to the improvement of the young. Embellished with Por- 
traits and nistorical Illustrations, partly in the Phonetic Orthography. 
50 cents a year ; three copies, $1,00 ; ten copies, $3,00 ; twenty copies, $5,00 



Phonographic Works. 

First Lesson in Phonography ; Containing the Al- 
phabet and a simple reading lesson. Useful for lecturers to distribute 
in an audience, &c. 1 ct. Per hundred, 50 — 60 

American Manual of Phonography ; being a com- 
plete exposition of Phonetic Shorthand, especially arranged so as to 
give the fullest instruction to those who have not the assistance of the 
oral teacher. In paper, 40 — 42 ; cloth, 60 — 56 

\^^ This insti'%icti(ni h'dk is just pvbUft7i(d, and differs from any other 
u>(/rl~ of the Tcind in this important particular: It thyrovghly explains 
the rh'./notypic Cir neiv printing alphabet, and its exercises f(/r writ- 
ing are printed phonetically, which enables the pupil to prr ogress tnare 
correctly and rapidly than if printed in the ordinary orthography. 

Reporter's Manual and Vocabular}^ ; being an 

adaptation of Phonography to verbatim reporting. In cloth, $1,00 — 1,10 



LONGLEY BROTHERS LIST OF TUBLICATIONS. 



-fij 



In sheets, 40 

$1,25 

neatly engraved, 



10—11 



Shorthand Chart, 34 by 50 inches. 

— 42: on canvas and rollers, 

Declaration of Independence, 

and printed in beautiful style. 

Phonographic Copy Slips, consisting of a series 

of Progressive Exercises for the learner to read and copy ; or it may be 

used as an ornamental chart, for attracting the attention of stran-'^rs 25—26 

The Phonographic Magazine : A Monthly Miscel- 
lany of Science, News and Entertainment. This work is written in 
the Corresponding Style of Phonography, introducing the simuler 
Phraseography of the Reporting Style. Conducted by Benn Pitrilan 
Per year, in advance, 

The Phonographic Reporter : A Monthly Magazine 

devoted to the interests and instruction of the Phonographic Kev.orter 
and all who may desire to become such. Conducted by Benn Pitman' 
rer year, in advance, 

These works are engraved in a new and superior style, not 7ieretof<-re 
attempted, either in *''"''" *^.. — -•-- t^ i i. ^ ■.' •'-' - 



$1,00 



$1,00 



„ , - - , , ■^ country or in, England; ami are vnrnatvlud 
M beauty and clearness nf outline. They are indispensable to e veru 
Fhpnographer who wishes to thoroughly learn <>r correctly practice 
tAu art. " ^ 



Phonetic Works in the Common Spelling. 

Introduction to Phonography, 16 pp.: an excellent 

document for presenting to a friend or a stranger to Phonograr.hy 

Report on Phonetic Teaching, by the Committee of 

e? dozen ^^^^^hers Association. 16 pages; single copy 2—3; 

Lecture on the Spelling Reform, delivered at the^^~^^ 

2nth '^^'n "^if \^' ^^^- P^«°«tic Association, held at Columbus, Dec. 
20th, 18ol. By L. A Hine, Esq. Single copy, 2-3 cts.; per dozen, 

documents, explanatory and recommendatory of 

the principles and practice of Phonography and Phonotypy. Per hun- 
arca pages, 

Report of the Philadelphia High School on Phono- 

K! P^-Ti , f .""^Ji*'? *-? discontinue the teaching of Phonography in 
the Ih.ladelphia High School, an able report wa? made bylhe Com 
mittee who had the subject under consideration, in opposition thereto. 
I^IVI most complete and overpowering document in favor of the 
system ever published. 40 octavo pages, covered, 10-11 



2-3 



30 



B^- 



LONGLET BROT-SERS LIST OP PUBLICATIONS. 



Phonetic Stationery. 

Phonetic Copy-Bcoks, for Common Schools, (ro- 

manic or phonetic, ) containing on the last page of cover, the shorthand 
alphabet and an explanation of the systena. Small size, 6 — 6 cta.j 
large, 10 — 12 ; by the dozen, one-fourth less. 

Reporting Paper, double-ruled especially for Pho- 
nography. This is a heavy article, and indispensable for convenience 
in reporting. Per quire, 10 — 12. Bound into blank books of 84 pages, 
for preserving reports, &c. 50 — 68 

Phonographic Letter Paper, (the size of an envel- 
oped; for Circulating Magazines, closely ruled. Per quire, 10 — 12 

Phonographic Pencils, of a superior quality, and 

adapted for general us«. 6 ets. Extra, for Reporting, 10 cts. 

Phonographic Gold Pens, that cannot be excelled 

anywhere ; manufactured for Longley Brother?, Cincinnati, who pledge 
themselves to suit customers. If a pen bought of them prove too hard 
or too soft, if returned immediately, it will be exchanged for one of a 
different flexibility. Price, without holder, $1,50 ; ditto, Marranted, 
$1,75 ; extra siie, $2,00, warranted. [By warranting a pen we mean, 
that if the point comes off, by fair usage, within six months, by re- 
turning the pen a new one will be supplied. The manufacturer never 
repoints pens.] Long holder, with pencil apparatus, 75 cts ; sliding or 
extension holder, ditto, $1.25. Sent by mail free of postage. 

Reporting Covers, Morocco, 75 — 80; Sheep, 30 — 35. 
Phonographic Breast Pin ; a neat gold emblem, 

consisting of the word-sign for Phonography, the wearing of which will 
often be the means of inducing an inquiry in reference to Phonetics, 
and of introducing Phonographers to each other, as they pass up and 
down the earth. $1,00 

Phonetic Envelopes, medium size; containing a 

statement of the nature of Phonography and Phonotypy, with a speci- 
men of the latter. Per hundred, * 30—40 

Any book that may be wanted, for sale in Cincin- 
nati, can bo obtained through Longley Brothers, by remitting the re- 
tail price and the postage money, at the rate of 1 cent an ounce. 
Money mailed at our risk, if addressed to Longley Brothers, Cincin- 
nati, Ohio. 



tSr 



I 



